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Author: Li, Kai

Resulting in 10 citations.

1.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
1.	An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups Presented: Hersonissos, Greece, Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, May 28-31, 2000. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/~kaili/BW_ISBA.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups." Presented: Hersonissos, Greece, Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis, May 28-31, 2000.

2.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
2.	An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups In: Bayesian Methods with Applications to Science, Policy, and Official Statistics: Selected Papers from ISBA 2000: The Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis. E.I. George, ed. Luxemburg: Eurostat, 2002. Also: http://www.stat.cmu.edu/ISBA/104f.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA) Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups" In: Bayesian Methods with Applications to Science, Policy, and Official Statistics: Selected Papers from ISBA 2000: The Sixth World Meeting of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis. E.I. George, ed. Luxemburg: Eurostat, 2002.

3.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
3.	An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs for Native Americans Journal of Econometrics 113,2 (April 2003): 337-361. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407602002063 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Groups; Modeling, Multilevel; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Simultaneity; Weight This paper presents a new model of the birth process of Native Americans with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs maternal smoking (S), drinking (D), prenatal care (PC), and weight gain (WG), and three birth outputs gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW). The model is a seven-equation simultaneous model with three endogenous dummies S, D, and PC. The data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). We find that the four birth inputs are determined jointly and dependently among S, D, and PC, but independently of WG. S has negative systematic correlation with G. D and PC appear to have no sizeable systematic effect on G, BL, or BW. Except for the sizeable and positive correlation between the unexplained parts of S and G, there seem to be no unexplained common effects between the birth inputs and outputs. Moreover, G appears dependent on the exogenous size of the mother. BL is affected by the inputs mainly through WG. BW is affected by the inputs through their effects on G. Except for maternal weight, there is little correlation between the remaining exogenous variables and BW. Finally, the predictive density of BW for a typical pregnancy gives a mean weight of 3.240 kg. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs for Native Americans." Journal of Econometrics 113,2 (April 2003): 337-361.

4.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
4.	An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs: A Detailed Report Working Paper UBCFIN00-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2000. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/research/papers/UBCFIN00-3.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UBC Finance, University of British Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Fertility; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Infants; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study offers a simultaneous equations model of the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)]. Our analysis conditions on twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five different groups: Whites (both the Main and the Supplemental samples), Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. Ceteris Paribus, the effect of maternal smoking on BL and BW is negative, the effect of weight gain on BL and BW is positive, long gestation has a favorable effect on both BL and BW, a male infant is longer and heavier than a female infant, and maternal height and weight have a positive effect on BL and BW, respectively. Surprisingly, we find that the widely-cited group differences in birth outputs can be accommodated in our framework with simple group dummies. Our framework also sheds some light on the High/Low Risk Birth Weight Puzzle discussed in the literature. Finally, our results are robust with respect to different model and prior specifications.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs: A Detailed Report." Working Paper UBCFIN00-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2000.

5.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
5.	Bayesian Analysis of an Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs Working Paper UBCFIN02-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Commerce, 2002. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/research/papers/UBCFIN02-3.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: UBC Finance, University of British Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Ethnic Differences; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Modeling; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study draws on the biomedical and economics literature on birth weight, and offers a simultaneous equations model of the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs (maternal smoking, maternal drinking, first trimester prenatal care, and maternal weight gain) and three birth outputs (gestational age, birth length, and birth weight). The data are taken from the NLSY. Our analysis conditions on twenty-nine exogenous variables including four racial dummies to account for the widely-cited racial differences in birth outputs. We find that the effects of maternal smoking on birth outputs are negative, and smoking reduces birth weight by .4016kg. The effects of maternal drinking on birth outputs are mixed, and drinking reduces gestation by 1.238 weeks. Obtaining prenatal care in the first trimester translates into an increase of 2.356 weeks in gestation, 2.186cm in birth length, and .5051kg in birth weight. Maternal nutrition has positive effects on birth outputs but the size of these effects is small. Gestation has the expected positive effects on birth length and birth weight, but their size is not large. A male infant is longer and heavier than a female infant, and maternal height and weight have a positive effect on birth length and birth weight, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that birth outcomes on average are similar for Main Whites and Native Americans, slightly better than for Supplemental Whites, noticeably better than for Hispanics, and substantially better than for Blacks. After controlling for all the exogenous variables in the model, the posterior mean difference between Blacks and Main Whites is -.5038 weeks for gestational age, -.7762cm for birth length, and -.2072kg for birth weight. There is sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. We compare results from our simultaneous equations model with those using the single-equation approach and find substantial differences. Finally, our framework sheds some light on the High/Low Risk Birth Weight Puzzle discussed in the literature.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Bayesian Analysis of an Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs." Working Paper UBCFIN02-3, University of British Columbia, UBC Commerce, 2002.

6.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
6.	Bayesian Analysis of An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 597-625. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/kd71hvgdmytefjbl/ Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Modeling; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study offers a simultaneous equations model of the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs (maternal smoking, maternal drinking, first trimester prenatal care, and maternal weight gain) and three birth outputs (gestational age, birth length, and birth weight). The data are taken from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Our analysis conditions on twenty-nine exogenous variables including four racial dummies to account for the widely cited racial differences in birth outputs. We find that there is sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances, and that results from our simultaneous equations model are substantially different from those using the single-equation approach. It appears that the High/Low Risk Birth Weight Puzzle remains unresolved under our modeling framework.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Bayesian Analysis of An Econometric Model of Birth Inputs and Outputs." Journal of Population Economics 16,3 (August 2003): 597-625.

7.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
7.	Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups, An Working Paper UBCFIN00-8, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2002. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/research/papers/UBCFIN00-8.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UBC Finance, University of British Columbia Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birthweight; Body Mass Index (BMI); Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper studies the birth process with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs [maternal smoking (S), maternal drinking (D), first trimester prenatal care (PC), and maternal weight gain (WG)], and three birth outputs [gestational age (G), birth length (BL), and birth weight (BW)], and twenty-four exogenous variables. The data are taken from the NLSY. Separate analyses are performed on five racial/ethnic groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Across all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Econometric Analysis of the Birth Process by Racial/Ethnic Groups, An." Working Paper UBCFIN00-8, University of British Columbia, UBC Finance, 2002.

8.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
8.	Relationship Between Maternal Behavior During Pregnancy, Birth Outcome, and Early Childhood Development: An Exploratory Study Working Paper 1030, CESifo Working Paper, Sauder School of Business, The University of British Columbia, 2003. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_1030.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: CESifo Group Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Variables, Independent - Covariate Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the relationship between maternal behavior during pregnancy, birth outcomes, and early childhood development. Specifically, in the context of four measures of maternal behavior during pregnancy (maternal smoking, drinking, prenatal care, and maternal weight gain), three measures of birth outcome (gestational age, birth length, and birth weight), and 32 exogenous covariates observed during pregnancy, we investigate the importance of maternal choices during pregnancy and birth outcomes in forecasting child health (as indicated by height and weight), child behavioral problems, and a child math/reading test score at age five or six. Strikingly, birth outcomes have virtually no structural/causal effects on early childhood developmental outcomes, and only maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy have some effects on child height. Not surprisingly, family child-rearing environment has sizeable negative and positive effects on behavioral problems index and math/reading test score, respectively, and a mildly surprising negative effect on child height.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Relationship Between Maternal Behavior During Pregnancy, Birth Outcome, and Early Childhood Development: An Exploratory Study." Working Paper 1030, CESifo Working Paper, Sauder School of Business, The University of British Columbia, 2003.

9.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
9.	The Roles of Birth Inputs and Outputs in Predicting Health, Behavior, and Test Scores in Early Childhood Statistics in Medicine 22 (2003): 3489-3514. Also: http://finance.sauder.ubc.ca/~kaili/child_SM.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Racial Differences; Simultaneity Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The goal of this study is to address directly the predictive value of birth inputs and outputs, particularly birth weight, for measures of early childhood development in a simultaneous equations modeling framework. Strikingly, birth outputs have virtually no structural/casual effects on early childhood developmental outcomes, and only maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy have some effects on child height. Not surprisingly, family child-rearing environment has sizeable negative and positive effects on a behavioral problems index and a math/reading test score, respectively, and a mildly surprising negative effect on child height. Despite little evidence of a structural/causal effect of birth weight on early childhood developmental outcomes, our results demonstrate that birth weight nonetheless has strong predictive effects on early childhood outcomes. Furthermore, these effects are largely invariant to whether family child-rearing environment is taken into account. Family child-rearing environment has both structural and predictive effects on early childhood outcomes, but they are largely orthogonal and in addition to the effects of birth weight. Copyright: 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "The Roles of Birth Inputs and Outputs in Predicting Health, Behavior, and Test Scores in Early Childhood." Statistics in Medicine 22 (2003): 3489-3514.

10.	Li, Kai Poirier, Dale J.
10.	Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the US to Study the Birth Process: A Bayesian Approach Research in Official Statistics 4,1 (May 2001): 127-150. Also: http://finance.commerce.ubc.ca/~kaili/BW_ROS.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Eurostat Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Bayesian; Birth Outcomes; Birthweight; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Endogeneity; Fertility; Height, Height-Weight Ratios; Infants; Pre-natal Care/Exposure; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Pre/post Natal Health Care; Racial Differences; Simultaneity; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper employs the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the US to study the birth process. We develop a simultaneous equations model with seven endogenous variables: four birth inputs (maternal smoking, maternal drinking, first trimester prenatal care, and maternal weight gain), three birth outputs (gestational age, birth length, and birth weight), and twenty-four exogenous variables. The estimation is Bayesian. Separate analyses are performed on five different groups: Main Whites, Supplemental Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. In all groups, we find sizeable correlation between the disturbances in the four input and three output equations and among output disturbances. For gestation, the effect of maternal weight is positive and substantial, while the effect of maternal age is consistently negative and substantial for Main Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. The effects of smoking, drinking, prenatal care, and weight gain vary in sign and magnitude across the groups. For birth length, male infants are on average longer. The effect of maternal height is noticeable but small in magnitude, and the effect of maternal weight is noticeable only for Main Whites. The effect of smoking is consistently negative, and substantial for Main and Supplemental Whites. The effects of drinking and prenatal care vary across the groups. Both weight gain and gestation have consistently positive effects. For birth weight, male infants are on average heavier except Hispanics. The effect of maternal height is noticeable for Main Whites and Hispanics. The effect of maternal weight is noticeable and consistent across the groups. The effect of smoking is consistently negative, and substantial for Main and Supplemental Whites. The effects of drinking and prenatal care are small and vary across the groups. Weight gain has a small positive effect except Supplemental Whites. The effect of gestation is positive and fairly comparable across the groups.
	Bibliography Citation Li, Kai and Dale J. Poirier. "Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the US to Study the Birth Process: A Bayesian Approach." Research in Official Statistics 4,1 (May 2001): 127-150.

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