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Author: McClintock, Elizabeth

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1.	England, Paula A. McClintock, Elizabeth Shafer, Emily Fitzgibbons
1.	Birth Control Use and Early, Unintended Births: Evidence for a Class Gradient In: Social Class and Changing Families in an Unequal America. Marcia J. Carlson and Paula England, eds., Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011: 21-49 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Stanford University Press Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Contraception; Current Population Survey (CPS) / CPS-Fertility Supplement; Locus of Control (see Rotter Scale); Mothers, Education; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Rotter Scale (see Locus of Control); Socioeconomic Status (SES) In this chapter we focus on a more causally ï¿½upstreamï¿½ set of causes for class differences in family patterns. As we will show, more-advantaged youths begin engaging in intercourse slightly later and, as young adults, use birth control (contraception and abortion) more consistently. As a result, they are much less likely to become parents early, or to have unintended births at any age. While early births are not always unintended, and not all unintended pregnancies are early, the two phenomena are empirically linked: a national survey asking women about their childbearing between 1997 and 2002 found that 78 percent of births to women under age 20 resulted from unintended pregnancies, compared to 45 percent among women 20ï¿½ 24, and 24 percent among women 25ï¿½ 44 (Kissin et al. 2008). This is probably because few see the teen years as appropriate for childbearing, and because anyone who has a high propensity for unplanned pregnancies because of inconsistent contraceptive use will probably have an unplanned pregnancy shortly after the initiation of sexual activity. As Bongaarts (1978) has pointed out, sex and birth control are the proximate determinants of fertility. It follows that class differences affecting early fertility must operate through these proximate determinants. Once premarital sex is ubiquitous, unintended fertility is particularly likely to flow from lack of consistent use of birth control.
	Bibliography Citation England, Paula A., Elizabeth McClintock and Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer. "Birth Control Use and Early, Unintended Births: Evidence for a Class Gradient" In: Social Class and Changing Families in an Unequal America. Marcia J. Carlson and Paula England, eds., Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011: 21-49

2.	McClintock, Elizabeth
2.	Occupational Sex Segregation and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender-Deviant Jobs Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Gender Differences; Life Course; Marriage; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth); Occupational Segregation Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper I consider the possible mechanisms by which occupation sex segregation might be associated with the chance of marriage. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to estimate the chance of marriage over a period of fourteen years as a function of occupational and personal characteristics. I find that both women and men benefit from making gender-typical occupational choices. Additionally, men are penalized from working in female-dominated occupations. In a supplementary analysis I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 1994-2008 (Add Health) to investigate whether these findings might be attributed to differences in sexual orientation or in personal attractiveness.
	Bibliography Citation McClintock, Elizabeth. "Occupational Sex Segregation and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender-Deviant Jobs." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 31-April 2, 2011.

3.	Quiroz, Christopher McClintock, Elizabeth
3.	Bringing Work Home: How Occupational Sex Composition Influences Traditional Gender Roles Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Sociological Association Keyword(s): Gender Attitudes/Roles; Gender Differences; Occupational Attainment; Occupations, Non-Traditional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We explore the relationship between occupational sex composition and traditional gender ideology by using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Previous studies indicate two possible theories to describe how occupational context would affect gender opinions. First, gender deviance neutralization theory suggests that men and women in gender-atypical occupations would hold more traditional gender beliefs as a form of gender compensation. Second, gender conventionality theory suggests individuals in gender-atypical occupations would be more likely to break from tradition gender opinions and have greater egalitarian perceptions. We find that men and women do not compensate for gender-atypical career settings by adopting traditional gender opinions. The results indicate that men with egalitarian opinions are more likely to select into gender-atypical occupations, thus confirming the salience of gender conventionality theory for men. Occupational context has no effect for women respondents which supports previous findings that gender norms for women are more robust to external influences than for men. The implications for the findings are also addressed.
	Bibliography Citation Quiroz, Christopher and Elizabeth McClintock. "Bringing Work Home: How Occupational Sex Composition Influences Traditional Gender Roles." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 2017.

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