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Author: Okumura, Tsunao

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1.	Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko
1.	Concave-Monotone Treatment Response and Monotone Treatment Selection: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling Quantitative Economics 5,1 (March 2014): 175-194. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3982/QE268/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Educational Returns; Statistical Analysis; Treatment Response: Monotone, Semimonotone, or Concave-monotone Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper identifies sharp bounds on the mean treatment response and average treatment effect under the assumptions of both the concave-monotone treatment response (concave-MTR) and the monotone treatment selection (MTS). We use our bounds and the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate mean returns to schooling. Our upper-bound estimates are substantially smaller than (i) estimates using only the concave-MTR assumption of Manski (1997), and (ii) estimates using only the MTR and MTS assumptions of Manski and Pepper (2000). Our upper-bound estimates fall in the range of the point estimates given in previous studies that assume linear wage functions.
	Bibliography Citation Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Concave-Monotone Treatment Response and Monotone Treatment Selection: With an Application to the Returns to Schooling." Quantitative Economics 5,1 (March 2014): 175-194.

2.	Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko
2.	Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability? B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 14,3 (January 2014): 1081-1116. Also: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bejeap.2014.14.issue-3/bejeap-2013-0077/bejeap-2013-0077.xml?format=INT Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, School-Age; Children, Temperament; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article uses the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) to examine the effect of parents' social skills on their children's sociability. Similar to many other national surveys, this survey lacks detailed information on parents. To remedy this deficiency, we construct a measure of parents' sociability skills based on their occupational characteristics extracted from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). Even after controlling for a variety of background characteristics, including cognitive skills, we find that the sociability relationships between fathers and sons and between mothers and daughters remain statistically significant. We find that the dollar value to the sons of a given increase in their fathers' sociability is one-sixth of the value to the sons of the same standard-deviation increase in their fathers' education.
	Bibliography Citation Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 14,3 (January 2014): 1081-1116.

3.	Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko
3.	Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability? PIE/CIS Discussion Paper No. 466, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University Repository, March 2010. Also: http://ideas.repec.org/p/hit/piecis/466.html Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Hitotsubashi University Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Children, School-Age; Children, Temperament; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament; Wages Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several studies find that social skills are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines the causal effect of parents' social skills on children's sociability, using the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). This survey, like some other national surveys, lacks detailed information on parents; to remedy this deficiency we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for parental skills. By utilizing various measures of social skills, we find that parents' social skills have a positive effect on children's sociability along gender lines.
	Bibliography Citation Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Do Parents' Social Skills Influence Their Children's Sociability?" PIE/CIS Discussion Paper No. 466, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University Repository, March 2010.

4.	Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko
4.	Intergenerational Correlations of Skills Presented: Boston, MA, Annual Meetings of The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2009. Also: client.norc.org/jole/soleweb/9238.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Children, School-Age; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Capital; Temperament A number of studies have found that social skills (e.g., communication, interpersonal interactions, and leadership skills) are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines whether social skills are linked across generations; and whether a child's occupational choice is determined by his/her parent's abilities and personality traits. There are few studies on the intergenerational transmission of adult social skills due to a lack of data on parents' social skills. To resolve this problem, we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for the parents' skills. Also utilized is the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79). A model of intergenerational skill following is presented. Subsequently, by constructing the appropriate measure of social skills, we find that social skills link across generations along the gender line. The correlation coefficient is computed, which measures the closeness of the direction of the multidimensional parent-child skill vectors. Skill correlation is found for father-son pairs, and the correlation is greater for whites than for blacks. White sons earn a wage premium for working in occupations that require similar skills to their fathers; whereas, black sons incur a wage penalty. This implies a transfer of occupationally-related human capital for whites, but not for blacks. Evidence for nepotism is found, when sons earn a wage premium for working in the same occupation as their fathers.
	Bibliography Citation Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Intergenerational Correlations of Skills." Presented: Boston, MA, Annual Meetings of The Society of Labor Economists (SOLE), May 2009.

5.	Okumura, Tsunao Usui, Emiko
5.	Intergenerational Transmission of Skills and Differences in Labor Market Outcomes for Blacks and Whites IZA Discussion Paper No. 9662, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2016. Also: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9662.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Keyword(s): Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Earnings; Fathers and Sons; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Occupations; Racial Differences; Skills; Wage Gap Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates, theoretically and empirically, differences between blacks and whites in the U.S. concerning the intergenerational transmission of occupational skills and the effects on sons' earnings. The father-son skill correlation is measured by the correlation coefficient (or cosine of the angle) between the father's skill vector and the son's skill vector. The skill vector comprises an individual's occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT). According to data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), white sons earn higher wages in occupations that require skills similar to those of their fathers, whereas black sons in such circumstances incur a wage loss. A large portion of the racial wage gap is explained by the father-son skill correlation. However, a significant unexplained racial wage gap remains at the lower tail of the wage distribution.
	Bibliography Citation Okumura, Tsunao and Emiko Usui. "Intergenerational Transmission of Skills and Differences in Labor Market Outcomes for Blacks and Whites." IZA Discussion Paper No. 9662, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), January 2016.

6.	Usui, Emiko Okumura, Tsunao
6.	Intergenerational Correlations of Skills Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008. Also: http://www.eale.nl/Conference2008/Programme/Bookofabstracts.pdf Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: European Association of Labour Economists Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Extracurricular Activities/Sports; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Market Outcomes; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Parenting Skills/Styles; Shyness; Social Capital; Temperament Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. A number of studies have found that social skills (e.g., communication, interpersonal interactions, and leadership skills) are important determinants of labor market outcomes, including occupation and wages. This paper examines whether social skills are linked across generations; and whether a child's occupational choice is determined by his/her parent's abilities and personality traits. There are few studies on the intergenerational transmission of adult social skills due to a lack of data on parents' social skills. To resolve this problem, we use occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) to proxy for the parents' skills. Also utilized is the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). A model of intergenerational skill following is presented. Subsequently, by constructing the appropriate measure of social skills, we find that social skills (also technical skills) link across generations. The correlation coefficient is computed, which measures the closeness of the direction of the multidimensional parent-child skill vectors. Skill correlation is found along the gender line. White sons earn a wage premium for working in occupations that require similar skills to their fathers; whereas, black sons incur a wage penalty. This implies a transfer of occupationally-related human capital for whites, but not for blacks. Evidence for nepotism is found, when sons earn a wage premium for working in the same occupation as their fathers.
	Bibliography Citation Usui, Emiko and Tsunao Okumura. "Intergenerational Correlations of Skills." Presented: Amsterdam, Netherlands, European Association of Labour Economists (EALE) Annual Conference, September 18-20, 2008.

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