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Author: Chaloupka, Frank J.

Resulting in 5 citations.

1.	Chaloupka, Frank J. Laixuthai, Adit
1.	Do Youths Substitute Alcohol and Marijuana? Some Econometric Evidence Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Substance Use This working paper examines the persistently high level of youth drinking. Youth drinking and alcohol abuse have been a focus of government policy since the mid 1970's. When the 26th amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18 years, a number of states followed by also lowering their minimum legal drinking ages. By 1984, the federal government became involved in what had traditionally been left up to states to decide by enacting the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act. This act pressured states into raising all legal drinking ages to 21 years or suffer the penalty of losing part of the highway funds they received from the federal government. By 1988, all states had complied. The higher drinking ages succeeded in reducing youth alcohol use and abuse. However, drinking, heavy drinking, drunken driving, and other measures of youth alcohol abuse remain stubbornly high with approximately 30 percent of high school seniors reporting at least one heavy drinking episode (five or more drinks on a single occasion) at least once in the previous two weeks. Unpublished econometric studies suggest that part of the reason for the persistently high level of youth drinking may be the success of the "War on Drugs", particularly with respect to marijuana.
	Bibliography Citation Chaloupka, Frank J. and Adit Laixuthai. "Do Youths Substitute Alcohol and Marijuana? Some Econometric Evidence." Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993.

2.	Grossman, Michael Chaloupka, Frank J. Saffer, Henry Laixuthai, Adit
2.	Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; College Dropouts; College Graduates; Cost-Benefit Studies; Data Linkage (also see Record Linkage); Economics, Regional; Mortality; Taxes Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Grossman, Michael, Frank J. Chaloupka, Henry Saffer and Adit Laixuthai. "Effects of Alcohol Price Policy on Youth: A Summary of Economic Research." Journal of Research on Adolescence 4,2 (1994): 347-364.

3.	Hoyt, Gail Mitchell Chaloupka, Frank J.
3.	Effect of Survey Conditions on Self-Reported Substance Use Contemporary Economic Policy 12,3 (July 1994): 109-121. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00439.x/abstract Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Data Quality/Consistency; Disability; Economics, Demographic; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Modeling, Probit; Morbidity; Mortality; Self-Reporting; Substance Use This paper examines the impact of survey conditions on the self-reported use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol in the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The analysis obtains probit estimates of lifetime and current participation rates and ordered probit estimates for the current frequency of use. The results clearly indicate that the manner in which the NLSY survey is administered significantly affects the self-reported substance use data. The presence of others at administration, self-administration, and data collection by telephone interview are particularly important influences.
	Bibliography Citation Hoyt, Gail Mitchell and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Effect of Survey Conditions on Self-Reported Substance Use." Contemporary Economic Policy 12,3 (July 1994): 109-121.

4.	Hoyt, Gail Mitchell Chaloupka, Frank J.
4.	Self-Reported Substance Use and Survey Conditions: An Examination of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Western Economic Association International Keyword(s): Alcohol Use; Drug Use; Illegal Activities; Labor Market Surveys; Self-Reporting; Substance Use The problems associated with substance use and abuse, particularly among youths, have received increasing attention in recent years. Consequently, economists, public health researchers, and other social scientists have engaged in numerous studies analyzing the determinants of cigarette smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use, as well as the effectiveness of public and private campaigns to discourage these behaviors. In addition, the effects of substance use/abuse on various outcomes, particularly labor force behavior, has been carefully examined. Many of these studies, especially those looking at the determinants/impact of illicit drug use, employ survey data in their analyses. One criticism of studies examining survey data is the self-reported nature of the substance use information. Several factors may contribute to inaccurate or biased information being collected in these surveys. Perhaps most important is the respondent's understandable fear of reporting a behavior that is either illegal (i.e. illicit drug use or underage drinking) or socially unacceptable (i.e. cigarette smoking in recent years). In addition, a respondent may unknowingly report inaccurate levels of substance use. With the availability of look alike drugs and the difficulties in measuring substance quantities and/or purities, a respondent may believe that they are conveying information truthfully when in actuality they are misreporting their use. Finally, the conditions under which the survey is administered may lead to intentional misreporting of substance use. The presence of parents or others during the collection of substance use information may inhibit the respondent from reporting truthfully.
	Bibliography Citation Hoyt, Gail Mitchell and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Self-Reported Substance Use and Survey Conditions: An Examination of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Presented: Lake Tahoe, NV, Issues in the Economic Analysis of Substance Abuse Session of the Western Economic Association Meetings, June 1993.

5.	Powell, Lisa M. Han, Euna Chaloupka, Frank J.
5.	Economic Contextual Factors, Food Consumption, and Obesity among U.S. Adolescents The Journal of Nutrition 140,6 (June 2010): 1175-1180. Also: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/6/1175.full?sid=460e971c-932f-4e86-87d2-2cb4ea418844 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY97 Publisher: American Society for Nutritional Sciences Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index (BMI); Nutritional Status/Nutrition/Consumption Behaviors; Obesity; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Taxes; Weight Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Adolescents have poor dietary behaviors and high overweight prevalence. Economic contextual factors such as food prices and food store and restaurant availability are hypothesized and increasingly being explored empirically as contributors to the obesity epidemic. Evidence showed that healthful compared with less healthful foods increasingly cost more and that fast food restaurants are increasingly available. In addition, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities have been documented in access to food outlets, particularly chain supermarkets, and such disparities have been shown to be increasing recently. Empirical evidence based on nationally representative U.S. adolescent data revealed that lower fruit and vegetable prices, higher fast food prices, and greater supermarket availability were related to higher fruit and vegetable consumption and lower BMI, in particular for BMI among teens who are overweight or at risk for overweight and who are low- to middle-socioeconomic status. The availability of fast food restaurants was not associated with youth BMI. Overall, this research implies that pricing interventions of taxes on energy-dense foods such as fast food and/or subsidies to healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables and policy efforts to improve access to supermarkets may help to improve adolescent weight outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Powell, Lisa M., Euna Han and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Economic Contextual Factors, Food Consumption, and Obesity among U.S. Adolescents." The Journal of Nutrition 140,6 (June 2010): 1175-1180.

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