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Author: Cooperstock, Alexandra

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1.	Alvarado, Steven Elias Cooperstock, Alexandra
1.	Context in Continuity: The Enduring Legacy of Neighborhood Disadvantage across Generations Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 74 (August 2021): 10062. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562421000408 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Disadvantaged, Economically; Geocoded Data; Grandparents; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Kinship; Neighborhood Effects Neighborhoods may contribute to the maintenance of inequality in well-being across generations. We use restricted geo-coded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (NLSY 1979 and NLSY Child and Young Adult) to estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to childhood neighborhood disadvantage and subsequent adult exposure. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across three generations, we find that families where both parents and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage are likely to pass on the legacy of neighborhood disadvantage to successive generations, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Second, we find a direct intergenerational neighborhood association, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Third, we find that unobserved confounders nested in the grandparent generation explain away the intragenerational neighborhood association. These findings reorient neighborhood theory to more seriously attend to the interdependence of neighborhood-level and individual-level antecedents of inequality across generations.
	Bibliography Citation Alvarado, Steven Elias and Alexandra Cooperstock. "Context in Continuity: The Enduring Legacy of Neighborhood Disadvantage across Generations." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 74 (August 2021): 10062.

2.	Alvarado, Steven Elias Cooperstock, Alexandra
2.	The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Contextual Hardship and Adult Income for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos Alvarado, S. E., & Cooperstock, A. (2023). The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Contextual Hardship and Adult Income for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos. City & Community, 0(0). Also: https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231179436 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Wiley Online Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Equality/Inequality Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Drawing on 35 years of restricted geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, we estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in childhood and income in adulthood. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across generations, we find that families where both mothers and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage yield reduced earnings, net of observed and unobserved confounders, for all groups except for Blacks. We theorize that discrimination and racism salient for Blacks in the labor market may dim the ability of neighborhood attainment to act as a main pathway to social and economic mobility. These results push scholars to conceptualize neighborhoods as much more durable features of inequality and refine our understanding of the uneven economic returns to neighborhood attainment across race and ethnicity.
	Bibliography Citation Alvarado, Steven Elias and Alexandra Cooperstock. "The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Contextual Hardship and Adult Income for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos." Alvarado, S. E., & Cooperstock, A. (2023). The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Contextual Hardship and Adult Income for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos. City & Community, 0(0).

3.	Alvarado, Steven Elias Cooperstock, Alexandra
3.	The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Exposure to Community Hardship in Childhood and Economic Well-Being in Adulthood Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Earnings; Geocoded Data; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Neighborhood Effects; Racial Differences Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Neighborhoods are a fundamental contributor to the maintenance of inequality across generations. Using 35 years of restricted geo-coded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in childhood and logged income earnings in adulthood. Invoking cousin fixed effects models, we find that families where both mothers and their children are exposed to adverse neighborhoods in childhood are likely to pass on the legacy of disadvantage in terms of economic outcomes to successive generations. In addition, we find heterogeneity by race and ethnicity. While there is a statistically significant negative association between multigenerational neighborhood disadvantage and income for White and Latino respondents, this is not the case for their Black counterparts. This suggests that the unabating barriers to economic success salient for Black Americans in the labor market may be disrupting a main pathway to social and economic mobility through neighborhood attainment.
	Bibliography Citation Alvarado, Steven Elias and Alexandra Cooperstock. "The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Exposure to Community Hardship in Childhood and Economic Well-Being in Adulthood." Presented: Atlanta GA, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2022.

4.	Alvarado, Steven Elias Cooperstock, Alexandra
4.	The Multigenerational Transmission of Neighborhood Disadvantage Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Childhood; Disadvantaged, Economically; Geocoded Data; Grandchildren; Grandparents; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Kinship; Neighborhood Effects Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of neighborhood disadvantage. Restricted tract-level data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and from the Child and Young Adult cohort allow for an empirical investigation into how multiple generations of neighborhood disadvantage affects neighborhood diadvantage in adulthood. In addition to multivariate regression models, the kinship structure of these data allows for cousin fixed effects models that control for unobserved confounders operating at the extended family level. Preliminary findings demonstrate that exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in parent's childhood and in grandchildren's childhood increases grandchildren's chances of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood in adulthood. Moreover, the results indirectly suggest that neighborhoods may impact inequality across four generations of a family by limiting the childhood context of opportunity of great-grandchildren. This analysis contributes to a more robust understanding of the role that neighborhoods play in the persistence of inequality across multiple generations.
	Bibliography Citation Alvarado, Steven Elias and Alexandra Cooperstock. "The Multigenerational Transmission of Neighborhood Disadvantage." Presented: Austin TX, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2019.

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