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Author: Herold, Joan

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1.	Herold, Joan Waldron, Ingrid
1.	Part-time Employment and Women's Health Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 27,6 (June 1985): 405-412. Also: http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/1985/06000/Part_Time_Employment_and_Women_s_Health.10.aspx Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: American Occupational Medical Assciation, 1968- Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Part-Time Work; Racial Differences; Self-Reporting; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The relationships between part-time employment and self-reported health are analyzed for a national probability sample of middle-aged women. Overall, there was a tendency for full-time workers to have the best health, part- time workers to have intermediate health, and women who were not in the labor force to have the poorest health. However, the pattern varied by race and marital status. For married black women, part-time workers reported poorer health than full-time workers. This appeared to be due in part to the lower socioeconomic status between part-time and full-time workers. Additional hypotheses and relevant evidence are presented in the paper.
	Bibliography Citation Herold, Joan and Ingrid Waldron. "Part-time Employment and Women's Health." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 27,6 (June 1985): 405-412.

2.	Waldron, Ingrid Herold, Joan
2.	Employment, Attitudes Toward Employment, and Women's Health Women and Health 11,1 (Summer 1986): 79-86. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J013v11n01_05 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Self-Reporting; Women The relationships between self-reported general health, employment, and attitudes toward the employment of married women have been analyzed for a representative sample of married, middle-aged women in the United States. The cross-sectional data indicate that women who were in the labor force had better health than women who were out of the labor force. In addition, women whose labor force status was compatible with their attitudes toward employment tended to have better health than women for whom there was a discrepancy between labor force status and attitudes. Analyses of the longitudinal data indicate that several causal mechanisms contributed to the relationships observed in the cross-sectional data. For the women with favorable attitudes toward employment, it appears that being a housewife had more detrimental effects on health than being employed. In contrast, for the women with unfavorable or neutral attitudes toward employment, it appears that employment status did not affect health. Being employed may have contributed to more favorable attitudes toward employment for healthy women, who were more likely than unhealthy women to stay in the labor force. Thus, it appears that there are multiple causal relationships linking employment status, attitudes toward employment and women's health.
	Bibliography Citation Waldron, Ingrid and Joan Herold. "Employment, Attitudes Toward Employment, and Women's Health." Women and Health 11,1 (Summer 1986): 79-86.

3.	Waldron, Ingrid Herold, Joan Dunn, Dennis
3.	How Valid are Self-Report Measures for Evaluating Relationships Between Women's Health and Labor Force Participation? Women and Health 7,2 (Summer 1982): 53-66. Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J013v07n02_06 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: Haworth Press, Inc. Keyword(s): Disabled Workers; Employment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Status; Mortality; Self-Reporting; Unemployment; Work History For a sample of white women aged 45-64, women who were out of the labor force had poorer self-reported health and higher mortality than women who were in the labor force. It has been hypothesized that women who are out of the labor force may tend to exaggerate their poor health in self-report data. However, no evidence of bias of this type was found in an analysis of the relationships between self-reported health and subsequent mortality. The validity of self-reports of illness as a reason for not seeking work has been assessed using data for a sample of 30-44 year old women who were out of the labor force. Over 90% of the women who gave illness or disability as their main reason for not seeking work had previous or contemporaneous independent, self-report evidence of poor health. The findings of this study and previous evidence indicate that poor health reduces the likelihood that a woman will join the labor force, and this is a major reason why women who are not in the labor force have poorer health than those who are in the labor force.
	Bibliography Citation Waldron, Ingrid, Joan Herold and Dennis Dunn. "How Valid are Self-Report Measures for Evaluating Relationships Between Women's Health and Labor Force Participation?" Women and Health 7,2 (Summer 1982): 53-66.

4.	Waldron, Ingrid Herold, Joan Dunn, Dennis Staum, Roger
4.	Reciprocal Effects of Health and Labor Force Participation Among Women: Evidence from Two Longitudinal Studies Journal of Occupational Medicine 24,2 (February 1982): 126-132. Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7057280 Cohort(s): Mature Women Publisher: American Occupational Medical Assciation, 1968- Keyword(s): Blue-Collar Jobs; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Retirement/Retirement Planning; Self-Reporting; Wives; Work History Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This study examines the effects of health on labor force participation and the effects of labor force participation on women's health. The results indicate that there are significant relationships between self- reported health and subsequent changes in labor force participation; however, no significant relationships were observed between labor force participation and subsequent self-reported change in health. The evidence shows that health affects women's labor force participation; however, no evidence was found that, on the average, labor force participation has harmful or beneficial effects on the general health of middle-aged married women.
	Bibliography Citation Waldron, Ingrid, Joan Herold, Dennis Dunn and Roger Staum. "Reciprocal Effects of Health and Labor Force Participation Among Women: Evidence from Two Longitudinal Studies." Journal of Occupational Medicine 24,2 (February 1982): 126-132.

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