Search Results

Author: Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Resulting in 14 citations.
1. Greenwell, Lisa
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Do Women's Early Work Commitment and Welfare Attitudes Predict Employment After Childbirth?
Working Paper DRU-427-1-NICHD, Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 1994.
Also: http://www.rand.org/labor/dru_archive.html
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Employment; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; First Birth; Maternal Employment; Self-Esteem; Welfare; Work Attitudes

In this study, the authors investigate women's work commitment and welfare attitudes in adolescence, and how these relate to women's employment status a year after their first childbirth. The authors find that willingness to combine family and work, rather than simply a desire to work, predicts employment a year after first childbirth, net of background and social psychological characteristics. Though women with welfare backgrounds are less likely to be subsequently employed, women's welfare attitudes are unrelated to their subsequent employment. These findings suggest that women's willingness to use welfare is compatible with work commitment, and with employment while an infant is present.
Bibliography Citation
Greenwell, Lisa, Arleen A. Leibowitz and Jacob Alex Klerman. "Do Women's Early Work Commitment and Welfare Attitudes Predict Employment After Childbirth?" Working Paper DRU-427-1-NICHD, Santa Monica, CA, RAND, 1994.
2. Greenwell, Lisa
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment Among New Mothers
Journal of Marriage and Family 60,1 (February 1998): 175-193.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/353450
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Attitudes; First Birth; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit; Self-Esteem; Sex Roles; Welfare

This article investigates whether new mothers' chances of being employed appear to be influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are analyzed using logit and ordinary least squares regression. The findings show that, as adolescents, new mothers with welfare backgrounds were more willing than others to use welfare but were no less likely to have positive attitudes toward work. Adolescents' work attitudes influence their chances of being employed when they are new mothers, but adolescents' welfare attitudes do not. These results suggest that new mothers' chances of being employed be not influenced by an intergenerationally transmitted welfare culture.

Also available as a RAND reprint, RP-738, http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?RP-738

Bibliography Citation
Greenwell, Lisa, Arleen A. Leibowitz and Jacob Alex Klerman. "Welfare Background, Attitudes, and Employment Among New Mothers." Journal of Marriage and Family 60,1 (February 1998): 175-193.
3. Hao, Lingxin
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Public Policies, Private Support and Single Mothers' Schooling, Work, and Child Care
Working Paper DRU-853-NICHD, RAND, October 1994
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Child Care; Education; Fertility; Maternal Employment; Welfare

This paper examines whether low-cost child care that is tied to single mothers' productive activities increases the likelihood of their schooling and work. Child care opportunities open to single mothers include coresident kin and certain public programs, e.g., subsidized child care places, AFDC earned income disregards for child care expenses, and child care tax credits for mothers who are attending school or working. Also examined in this paper is whether public programs are substitutes for kin support in affecting unmarried mothers' schooling, work, and for enrolled or working women, child care type. Findings include: (1) public policies tied to single mothers' performance can stimulate their schooling and work, while those that are not tied to performance can deter productive activities; (2) living with kin increases schooling and work among unmarried mothers; (3) public programs tend not to substitute for kin support, in particular, not to reduce kin's incentives to care for children.
Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Public Policies, Private Support and Single Mothers' Schooling, Work, and Child Care." Working Paper DRU-853-NICHD, RAND, October 1994.
4. Hao, Lingxin
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Role of Child Care in Employment and School Enrollment of Unmarried Mothers
Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Sociology, University of Iowa
Keyword(s): Child Care; Employment; Mothers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Hao, Lingxin and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Role of Child Care in Employment and School Enrollment of Unmarried Mothers." Working Paper, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1996.
5. Klerman, Jacob Alex
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Child Care and Women's Return to Work After Childbirth
American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 284-288.
Also: http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/6782?author=Klerman%2C+Jacob+Alex
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Child Care; Childbearing; First Birth; Labor Supply; Maternal Employment; Re-employment; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper focuses on the labor supply of women immediately following their first birth and explores the extent to which child care subsidies have promoted the recent growth in labor supply of women with young children. Using data from the NLSY, the authors estimate multinomial logit models of the determinants of returning to work by three and 24 months and the mode of child care utilized. Calculations of regional differences in child care costs are made. Results of the study indicate that: (1) the women studied returned to work rapidly after their first birth with one-third returning to work in the first three months following birth; (2) non-relative care accounted for one-third of the child care arrangements regardless of when the mother returned to work while child care centers and other non-home arrangements accounted for another 8-11% of the child care; (3) although the presence of a grandmother in the home increased the probability of a woman returning to work during the first three months, the presence of relatives did not appear to affect returns to work after three months; (4) the maximum value of the child care credit was found to be positively related to returns to work within three months of delivery while the marginal tax care credit had a negative effect on returning to work with market care but did not affect working with relative care; (5) neither child care tax variable significantly affected returns to work after the first three months; and (6) women with higher wages and more education return to work sooner.
Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Child Care and Women's Return to Work After Childbirth." American Economic Review 80,2 (May 1990): 284-288.
6. Klerman, Jacob Alex
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Employment Continuity Among New Mothers
NLS Discussion Paper 95-22, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1994.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl940020.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment, Part-Time; Fertility; Firm Size; Job Status; Job Tenure; Job Training; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes

Recently both state and federal governments have enacted maternity leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave (of a limited duration), the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her pre-leave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this paper correlates work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy. Almost all women (nearly 90 percent) who work full-time both before and after childbirth continue to work at the same employer. Thus maternity leave legislation is unlikely to have a major effect on employment continuity. However, compared to all demographically similar women, new mothers do have an excess probability of leaving their jobs. Finally, most maternity leave legislation limits its protections to full-time workers with sufficient job tenure sufficiently large firms. Using the NLSY, the paper estimates that the federal Family Leave Act covers only about a third of all working new mothers. The restriction to full-time workers is relatively unimportant because few part-time workers would satisfy the tenure and firm-size requirements.
Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Employment Continuity Among New Mothers." NLS Discussion Paper 95-22, Washington DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1994.
7. Klerman, Jacob Alex
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Job Continuity among New Mothers
Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 145-155.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/au407895178u3382/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Benefits; Benefits, Fringe; Childbearing; Fertility; Leave, Family or Maternity/Paternity; Legislation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In the early 1990s, both state and federal governments enacted maternity-leave legislation. The key provision of that legislation is that after a leave of a limited duration, the recent mother is guaranteed the right to return to her preleave employer at the same or equivalent position. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we correlate work status after childbirth with work status before pregnancy to estimate the prevalence, before the legislation, of returns to the preleave employer. Among women working full-time before the pregnancy, return to the prepregnancy employer was quite common. Sixty percent of women who worked full-time before the birth of a child continued to work for the same employer after the child was born. Furthermore, the labor market behavior of most of the remaining 40% suggests that maternity-leave legislation is unlikely to have a major effect on job continuity. Compared with all demographically similar women, however, new mothers have an excess probability of leaving their jobs.
Bibliography Citation
Klerman, Jacob Alex and Arleen A. Leibowitz. "Job Continuity among New Mothers." Demography 36,2 (May 1999): 145-155.
8. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age
Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145914
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages

This paper examines the impact of the cost and availability of child care on the employment of women during the first two years following the birth of their first child. Using data from the NLSY, the authors examine the initial choice of child care after childbirth and test the hypothesis that the impact of cost and availability of child care depends on the child's age. Results indicate that: (1) regardless of the point in time at which mothers returned to work, about half of the women studied used relatives to care for their children; (2) the likelihood of working during the two year period decreased as family income increased; (3) living close to one's mother increased somewhat the probability of returning to work in the early post-partum period; and (4) the size of the child care tax credit was strongly and positively related to the likelihood of returning to work.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 112-133.
9. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age
Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990.
Also: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP119/
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Child Care; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Income; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Wages

This paper examines a woman's decisions about when to return to market work in the two years following childbirth and the type of child care she chooses. Own wages relate positively to an early return to work, while higher family income delays return to work. Wages and income did not significantly affect choice of market versus nonmarket child care. Greater child care tax credits increased early return to work (within three months) but had little effect on later labor supply. Contrary to expectations, tax credits did not affect child care choice, but predicted early market reentry.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Employment of New Mothers and Child Care Choice: Differences by Children's Age." Working Paper RAND Publication RP-119, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica CA, February 1990.
10. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth
Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992.
Also: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/abstract/nl/nl920010.htm
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work Histories

During the last three decades, the "working mother" has become the norm rather than a rarity. In 1960, fewer than one in five mothers with children under age six (18.6 percent) were in the labor force. By 1987, this percentage had tripled, reaching 57 percent. Current participation levels for mothers of younger children are even more striking. Fifty-three percent of married mothers with children 1 year old or under are in the labor force Previous research has consistently found that women with young children are less likely to participate in the labor force than those with only older children. Today labor force activity reaches high levels soon after the birth of a child, and many women interrupt work for only short periods of time. Although half the new mothers have returned to work within a year after giving birth, the factors that affect the timing within that year are not well understood. Similarly, the factors that influence how long women work during their pregnanc ies have not been fully explored. The analysis of women's increased work effort during pregnancy and rapid return to work after childbirth call for a research strategy using data that can distinguish among work patterns by month of return to work rather than by year. This paper uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLS-Y) to examine whether perinatal labor supply is positively related to women's real wages. We also expect to find a negative relation between mothers' work efforts and other household income.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Birth." Report No. NLS 92-11, Washington DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1992.
11. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Klerman, Jacob Alex
Waite, Linda J.
Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth
Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992.
Also: http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?N-3392
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: RAND
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Employment; First Birth; Labor Force Participation; Maternal Employment; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; Women; Work History

Labor supply by pregnant women and recent mothers has expanded rapidly in the last quarter century, and particularly in the last 10 years. The greatest increase in the workforce has been among mothers of the youngest children. This paper uses NLSY data and hazard models to examine how long women worked during their first pregnancy, when they returned to work, the determinants of each of these durations, and their correlation. The authors find strong own wage effects, weak income effects, and some evidence of a time trend.

This Note develops and tests a model of labor supply behavior near the birth of a first child. The model postulates that changes in labor supply are related to changes in a woman's reservation wage, since the market wage she is offered is assumed constant over the period. The reservation wage rises over the course of the pregnancy. After the delivery, the presence of an infant raises the value of the mother's time in the home. Thus, labor supply is hypothesized to relate to market wages as well as to factors that influence home productivity. The measures of home productivity include education, marital status, and family income other than the wife's earnings. The authors test this model on data for the 1980s, a time when major changes in labor force behavior occurred. The results support the hypothesis that women with higher wages are more likely to work both during pregnancy and after giving birth. Women with fewer sources of other family income are also more likely to work.

Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Jacob Alex Klerman and Linda J. Waite. "Women's Employment During Pregnancy and Following Childbirth." Report N-3392-DOL/NICHD, The RAND Corporation, 1992.
12. Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Waite, Linda J.
Witsberger, Christina
Child Care for Preschoolers: Differences by Child's Age
Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 205-220.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j472319256077641/
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Labor Force Participation; Preschool Children

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Because of the high rates of employment of mothers, a large and increasing number of preschool children receive regular care from someone else. This paper develops and tests hypotheses about choice of child care arrangements for younger and older preschool children using data from the Young Women's cohort. The authors argue that appropriate care depends on the age of the child. It includes both care by the mother and care by a paid provider in the child's home for children aged 0 to 2, and mother care and nursery school or center care for those 3 to 5. Models of the mother's employment and choice of child care are estimated separately for younger and older preschoolers. The results show that need for care, presence of substitutes for the mother, financial resources, and preferences all affect both full-time care by the mother and type of child care chosen by working women, although they affect these two decisions in different ways.
Bibliography Citation
Leibowitz, Arleen A., Linda J. Waite and Christina Witsberger. "Child Care for Preschoolers: Differences by Child's Age." Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 205-220.
13. Waite, Linda J.
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Witsberger, Christina
What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs
Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb00286.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children

Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications of these results are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Child Care Characteristics, Quality, and Costs." Journal of Social Issues 47,2 (Summer 1991): 33-48.
14. Waite, Linda J.
Leibowitz, Arleen A.
Witsberger, Christina
What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs
Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Preschool Children

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Although most children whose mothers work receive some non-parental care, this "child care" varies greatly in its features, especially quality. Child development researchers and practitioners have explored in detail the features of child care that provide the best environment for children. However, we know virtually nothing about which parents select "high-quality" care for their children, or which arrangements most often have the features associated with the best outcomes for children. This paper explores these issues, using data from the NLSY. We find that on several dimensions, care in a home--the child's own, a nonrelative's or a relative's--provides features linked to quality care. Our results show, however, that parents do not pay more for any of the features of child care associated in the child development literatures with high quality. Finally, we find that those families with the greatest access to relatives obtain the highest "quality" care. The implications o f these results are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Waite, Linda J., Arleen A. Leibowitz and Christina Witsberger. "What Parents Pay For: Quality of Child Care and Child Care Costs." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, April 1988.