Search Results

Author: Sanders, Seth G.
Resulting in 13 citations.
1. Black, Dan A.
Charles, Kerwin
Sanders, Seth G.
Problem with Men, The
Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Gender; Gender Differences

Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Kerwin Charles and Seth G. Sanders. "Problem with Men, The." Presented: Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics Conference Center, NLSY97 Tenth Anniversary Conference, May 29-30, 2008.
2. Black, Dan A.
Haviland, Amelia
Sanders, Seth G.
Taylor, Lowell J.
Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated
Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London, England, November 2003.
Also: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/seminarpapers/05-12-03-BLA.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics & Political Science
Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Wage Gap

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We argue that among the highly educated, pre-labor market factors are responsible for more than half the measured gender wage gap. Further, women's lower level of labor market experience accounts for a substantial portion of the remaining gap. The non-parametric analysis we employ makes no functional forms assumption and forces us to directly address the support issue. Without careful attention to these two issues and more accurate data on education attainment, the role of pre-labor market factors and women's lower level of labor market experience in explaining gender wage disparities is greatly understated.
Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Amelia Haviland, Seth G. Sanders and Lowell J. Taylor. "Gender Wage Disparities among the Highly Educated." Working Paper, Centre for Economic Performance, London, England, November 2003.
3. Black, Dan A.
Hsu, Yu-Chieh
Sanders, Seth G.
Schofield, Lynne Steuerle
Taylor, Lowell J.
The Methuselah Effect: The Pernicious Impact of Unreported Deaths on Old Age Mortality Estimates
NBER Working Paper No. 23574, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2017.
Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w23574
Cohort(s): Older Men
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Data Quality/Consistency; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Mortality; National Health Interview Survey (NHIS); Racial Differences

We examine inferences about old age mortality that arise when researchers use survey data matched to death records. We show that even small rates of failure to match respondents can lead to substantial bias in the measurement of mortality rates at older ages. This type of measurement error is consequential for three strands in the demographic literature: (1) the deceleration in mortality rates at old ages, (2) the black-white mortality crossover, and (3) the relatively low rate of old age mortality among Hispanics--often called the "Hispanic paradox." Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men (NLS-OM) matched to death records in both the U.S. Vital Statistics system and the Social Security Death Index, we demonstrate that even small rates of missing mortality matching plausibly lead to an appearance of mortality deceleration when none exists, and can generate a spurious black-white mortality crossover. We confirm these findings using data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) matched to the U.S. Vital Statistics system, a dataset known as the "gold standard" (Cowper et al., 2002) for estimating age-specific mortality. Moreover, with these data we show that the Hispanic paradox is also plausibly explained by a similar undercount.
Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Yu-Chieh Hsu, Seth G. Sanders, Lynne Steuerle Schofield and Lowell J. Taylor. "The Methuselah Effect: The Pernicious Impact of Unreported Deaths on Old Age Mortality Estimates." NBER Working Paper No. 23574, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2017.
4. Black, Dan A.
Sanders, Seth G.
Schofield, Lynne Steuerle
Taylor, Lowell J.
Regional Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality: Evidence from the NLSY
Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: American Economic Association
Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Cognitive Ability; Geocoded Data; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Noncognitive Skills; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Test Scores/Test theory/IRT

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In a series of important papers (e.g., Chetty et al., 2014, and Chetty et al., forthcoming), Raj Chetty and coauthors show that there is substantial variation in the geography of intergenerational mobility; children born to parents with moderate income are more upwardly mobile in some places than in others. Chetty and Hendren ascribe a casual role to place‐based factors. In this paper we seek to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon by studying intergenerational links in cognitive and non‐cognitive ability--using data elements from mothers in the NLSY79 and their children in the NLSY79‐Child. There are two innovations in our study. First, in analyzing parent‐child links in cognition, we use item response level data collected for the purpose of constructing latent variables (the AFQT, PIAT, etc.), as in Junker et al. (2015). Second, we employ restricted‐use data elements to identify geography, matched to statistics constructed from Census data, and from the data files posted by the "Equality of Opportunity Project" team (Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, and colleagues). The goal is to see if the place‐based upward mobility documented in the work in Chetty and coauthors is driven in part by improved "upward mobility" across generations in cognitive and non‐cognitive ability.
Bibliography Citation
Black, Dan A., Seth G. Sanders, Lynne Steuerle Schofield and Lowell J. Taylor. "Regional Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Inequality: Evidence from the NLSY." Presented: Atlanta GA, American Economic Association Annual Meeting, January 2019.
5. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers
In: Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing. R. Maynard, ed., New York: Robin Hood Foundation, 1996: 55-90.
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/about/publications/working-papers/pdf/wp_95_2.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: The Robin Hood Foundation
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Childbearing, Adolescent; Earnings; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; High School Diploma; High School Dropouts; Maternal Employment; State Welfare; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Final Draft: March 22, 1995. Not for citation or quotation without the permission of authors. In this Chapter,we examine the effects of the failure of teen mothers to delay their childbearing on their subsequent behavior and socioeconomic attainment We estimate these causal effects by exploiting an innovative evaluation design in which women who first become pregnant as teenagers but who experience a miscarriage are used to form a control group with which to compare women who have their first births as teens. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we find that many of the claims concerning the adverse consequences of the failure of teen mothers to delay their childbearing are not supported by the data. Over her early adult life, a teen mother is no more likely to participate in government sponsored welfare programs than if she had delayed her childbearing until she was an adult. Early childbearing does not appear to seriously reduce the labor market earnings of teen mothers relative to what these women would have attained if they had postponed their childbearing. If anything, teen mothers tend to earn more relative to comparable women who postpone their childbearing. On average, the households of teen mothers are no more likely to experience significant losses in the earnings of spouses than if they had delayed their childbearing. At the same time, we do find that early childbearing has some adverse consequences for teen mothers. In particular: Early childbearing significantly reduces the likelihood that teen mothers ever will obtain a high school diploma While teen mothers do have a higher probability of obtaining a general equivalence degree (GED), existing evidence indicates this credential simply is not comparable to a high school diploma in today s labor market. Women who fail to delay their childbearing until they reach adulthood are likely to spend substantially more of their lives as single mothers. This is especially true for women who begin their childbearing prior to age 16. Women who start their childbearing early are found to have from one-half to one additional child over their lifetimes Presumably, having more children places greater strains on a teen mother s time and financial resources. Finally, we investigate the extent to which teen childbearing and the failure to postpone births among teen mothers result in higher costs to government. We investigate what women who first became teen mothers in United States in 1993 would be expected to cost government in their greater use of the AFDC, Food Stamp and Medicaid programs and through losses in taxes they would pay. We find that: This group can expect to receive between $11.9 and $19.9 billion in public assistance benefits over their lifetimes. This amounts to between $72,624 and $121,360 per teen mother.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers" In: Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing. R. Maynard, ed., New York: Robin Hood Foundation, 1996: 55-90.
6. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers and the Government
Chicago Policy Review 1,1 (Fall 1996).
Also: http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/about/publications/working-papers/pdf/wp_95_1.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Fertility; Methods/Methodology; Welfare

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Reduction of teenage pregnancy rates is believed to translate into smaller AFDC caseloads and lower costs. This is one rationale states have used to institute "family cap" laws that block additional aid for women who become pregnant while receiving public benefits. Though the federal welfare bill does not contain a family cap provision, it does contain incentives for states to reduce rates of illegitimacy. Research has not proven conclusively that reducing illegitimacy and teenage childbearing will reduce costs to the taxpayer. This article examines teenage mothers and finds no significant effect on their earnings over time. Extending this analysis to apply to the probability that these mothers would require public aid, the authors cast doubt on any substantial savings in social costs from decreases in rates of teenage childbearing.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Costs and Consequences of Teenage Childbearing for Mothers and the Government." Chicago Policy Review 1,1 (Fall 1996).
7. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences
Journal of Human Resources 40,3 (Summer 2005): 683-715.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129557
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Earnings; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Variables, Instrumental

We exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the causal effect of teen childbearing on the socioeconomic attainment of teen mothers. We exploit the fact that some women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage and do not have a live birth. Using miscarriages as an instrumental variable, we estimate the effect of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing on their subsequent attainment. We find that many of the negative consequences of teenage childbearing are much smaller than those found in previous studies. For most outcomes, the adverse consequences of early childbearing are short-lived. Finally, for annual hours of work and earnings, we find that a teen mother would have lower levels of each at older ages if they had delayed their childbearing.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences." Journal of Human Resources 40,3 (Summer 2005): 683-715.
8. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment
JCPR Working Paper 157, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, August 1999.
Also: http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/jcpr/workingpapers/wpfiles/HOTZ_WPoriginal2-7-2000.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Joint Center for Poverty Research
Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fertility; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Poverty; Variables, Instrumental

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this paper, we exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the effect of teen childbearing on subsequent educational attainment, family structure, labor market outcomes, and financial self-sufficiency. In particular, we exploit the fact that a substantial fraction of women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and thus do not have a birth. If miscarriages were purely random and if miscarriages were the only way, other than by live births, that a pregnancy ended, then women who had a miscarriage as a teen would constitute an ideal control group with which to contrast teenage mothers. Exploiting this natural experiment, we devise an Instrumental Variables (IV) estimators for the consequences of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). Our major finding is that many of the negative consequences of not delaying childbearing until adulthood are much smaller than has been estimated in previous studies. While we do find adverse consequences of teenage childbearing immediately following a teen mother's first birth, these negative consequences appear short-lived. By the time a teen mother reaches her late twenties, she appears to have only slightly more children, is only slightly more likely to be a single mother, and has no lower levels of educational attainment than if she had delayed her childbearing to adulthood. In fact, by this age teen mothers appear to be better off in some aspects of their lives. Teenage childbearing appears to raise levels of labor supply, accumulated work experience, and labor market earnings, and appears to reduce the chances of living in poverty and participating in the associated social welfare programs. These estimated effects imply that the cost of teenage childbearing to U.S. taxpayers is negligible. In particular, our estimates imply that the widely held view that teenage childbearing imposes a substantial cost on government is an artifact of the failure to appropriately account for preexisting socioeconomic differences between teen mothers and other women when estimating the causal effects of early childbearing. While teen mothers are very likely to live in poverty and experience other forms of adversity, our results imply that little of this would be changed just by getting teen mothers to delay their childbearing into adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." JCPR Working Paper 157, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Northwestern University/University of Chicago, August 1999.
9. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment
Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Los Angeles, July 2004.
Also: http://www.econ.ucla.edu/hotz/working_papers/teen.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Family Resources; School Dropouts; Variables, Instrumental

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We exploit a "natural experiment" associated with human reproduction to identify the causal effect of teen childbearing on the socioeconomic attainment of teen mothers. We exploit the fact that some women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage and do not have a live birth. Using miscarriages an instrumental variable, we estimate the effect of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing on their subsequent attainment. We find that many of the negative consequences of teenage childbearing are much smaller than those found in previous studies. For most outcomes, the adverse consequences of early childbearing are short-lived. Finally, for annual hours of work and earnings, we find that a teen mother would have lower levels of each at older ages if they had delayed their childbearing.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of California - Los Angeles, July 2004.
10. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government
Working Paper 95-10, Population Research Center, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago IL, July 1996
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: National Opinion Research Center - NORC
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; Mothers, Adolescent; Socioeconomic Factors; Teenagers

In this chapter, we examine the effects of early childbearing on the subsequent behavior and socioeconomic attainment of teen mothers. To obtain reliable estimates of these effects, we use an innovative evaluation design in which teenage women who miscarried become a control group for comparison with teenage women who gave birth. Applying this design, we are able to sort out confounding factors that have led to common beliefs about the negative effects of teenage childbearing on the life prospects of the mothers and attempt to estimate the following set of causal effects: If young women who are "at risk" of becoming teen mothers are somehow convinced to delay their childbearing by two years, how substantially would their life prospects be improved and how much would this affect what the government spends overall on these woomen.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government." Working Paper 95-10, Population Research Center, NORC-University of Chicago, Chicago IL, July 1996.
11. Hotz, V. Joseph
McElroy, Susan Williams
Sanders, Seth G.
The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government
In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 55-90
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Completion/Graduates; Marriage; Mothers, Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Welfare

There is growing concern in the United States about the number of children born to teen mothers and the proportion of these births that occur out of wedlock. A decade ago, the National Research Council concluded that "adolescent pregnancy and childbearing are matters of substantial national concern" (Hayes 1987, p. ii) and President Bill Clinton, in his 1995 State of the Union Message, asserted that teenage pregnancy is "our most serious social problem." Part of the concern centers around the plight of teen mothers. The everyday hardships of teen motherhood come into public consciousness through media attention to and the prevalence of teen childbearing throughout the United States. Furthermore, there is a strong statistical association between the age at which a woman has her first child and her subsequent socioeconomic well-being. For example, one finds that women who have a baby in their teens are subsequently less likely to complete school, less likely to marry (and thus have a par enting partner), less likely to participate in the labor force, likely to earn less in their jobs, and more likely to rely on various forms of public assistance than are women who do not give birth in adolescence.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy and Seth G. Sanders. "The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government" In: Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. R.A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1997: pp. 55-90
12. Hotz, V. Joseph
Sanders, Seth G.
McElroy, Susan Williams
Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment
NBER Working Paper No. W7397, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999.
Also: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W7397
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Keyword(s): Abortion; Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fertility; Labor Market Outcomes; Labor Supply; Life Cycle Research; Mothers, Adolescent; Parents, Single; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Variables, Instrumental

In this paper, we exploit a 'natural experiment' associated with human reproduction to identify the effect of teen childbearing on subsequent educational attainment, family structure, labor market outcomes and financial self-sufficiency. In particular, we exploit the fact that a substantial fraction of women who become pregnant experience a miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and thus do not have a birth. If miscarriages were purely random and if miscarriages were the only way, other than by live births, that a pregnancy ended, then women, who had a miscarriage as a teen, would constitute an ideal control group with which to contrast teenage mothers. Exploiting this natural experiment, we devise an Instrumental Variables (IV) estimators for the consequences of teen mothers not delaying their childbearing, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79). Our major finding is that many of the negative consequences of not delaying childbearing until adulthood are much smaller than has been estimated in previous studies. While we do find adverse consequences of teenage childbearing immediately following a teen mother's first birth, these negative consequences appear short-lived. By the time a teen mother reaches her late twenties, she appears to have only slightly more children, is only slightly more likely to be single mother, and has no lower levels of educational attainment than if she had delayed her childbearing to adulthood. In fact, by this age teen mothers appear to be better off in some aspects of their lives. Teenage childbearing appears to raise levels of labor supply, accumulated work experience and labor market earnings and appears to reduce the chances of living in poverty and participating in the associated social welfare programs. These estimated effects imply that the cost of teenage childbearing to U.S. taxpayers is negligible. In particular, our estimates imply that the widely held view that teenage childbearing imposes a substantial cost on government is an artifact of the failure to appropriately account for pre-existing socioeconomic differences between teen mothers and other women when estimating the causal effects of early childbearing. While teen mothers are very likely to live in poverty and experience other forms of adversity, our results imply that little of this would be changed just by getting teen mothers to delay their childbearing into adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Hotz, V. Joseph, Seth G. Sanders and Susan Williams McElroy. "Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences: Exploiting a Natural Experiment." NBER Working Paper No. W7397, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1999.
13. Sanders, Seth G.
Smith, Jeffrey A.
Zhang, Ye
Teenage Childbearing and Maternal Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Matching
Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008.
Also: http://client.norc.org/jole/SOLEweb/826.pdf
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Economics, University of Maryland
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Mothers, Education; Schooling; Variables, Independent - Covariate

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper investigates to what extent the observed correlation between adolescent fertility and poor maternal educational attainment is causal. Semi-parametric kernel matching estimator is applied to estimate the effects of teenage childbearing on schooling outcomes. The matching method estimates the conditional moments without imposing any functional form restrictions and attends directly to the common support condition. Using data from the NLSY79 [1979-to-2002 waves], kernel matching estimates suggest that half of the cross-sectional educational gaps remains after controlling for individual and family covariates. The difference between matching estimates and regression-based estimates implies that part of the conditional difference in parametric models is due to the functional assumption. The robustness check following Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) reveals that a substantial amount of correlation is required within a parametric framework to make the negative effect of teen motherhood on educational attainment go away. Further evidence obtained by simulation-based nonparametric sensitivity analysis suggests that the matching estimates are quite robust with regard to a wide range of specifications of the simulated unobservables. The paper suggests that the "richness of covariates makes the sample ideal for our study and makes the assumption of selection-on-observables plausible.
Bibliography Citation
Sanders, Seth G., Jeffrey A. Smith and Ye Zhang. "Teenage Childbearing and Maternal Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Matching." Presented: New York, NY, Society of Labor Economists Annual Meeting, May 2008.