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Author: Sawhill, Isabel V.

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1.	Acs, Gregory P. Martin, Steven Schwabish, Jonathan A. Sawhill, Isabel V.
1.	The Social Genome Model: Estimating How Policies Affect Outcomes, Mobility and Inequality across the Life Course Journal of Social Issues 72,4 (December 2016): 656-675. Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josi.12188/abstract Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Inc. => Wiley Online Keyword(s): Children, Poverty; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Outcomes; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Cycle Research; Mobility, Social; Poverty Persistently high poverty among families with children, a lack of equal opportunity, stalled intergenerational mobility, and inequality have all risen up the agenda for federal, state, and local policymakers. Children born into low-income families face barriers to success in each stage of life from birth till age 40. Using data on a representative group of American children and a life cycle model to track their progress from the earliest years through school and beyond, we show that well-evaluated, targeted interventions can close over 80% of the gap between more and less advantaged children in the proportion that ends up middle class by middle age. These interventions can also greatly improve social mobility and enhance the lifetime incomes of less advantaged children.
	Bibliography Citation Acs, Gregory P., Steven Martin, Jonathan A. Schwabish and Isabel V. Sawhill. "The Social Genome Model: Estimating How Policies Affect Outcomes, Mobility and Inequality across the Life Course." Journal of Social Issues 72,4 (December 2016): 656-675.

2.	Grannis, Kerry Searle Sawhill, Isabel V.
2.	Improving Children’s Life Chances: Estimates from the Social Genome Model Report No. 48, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 2013. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/10/11-improving-childrens-life-chances-sawhill-grannis Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; School Entry/Readiness There is ample evidence that children born to poorer families do not succeed at the same rate as children born to the middle class. On average, low-income children lag behind on almost every cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and health measure. These gaps start early—some of the newest research suggests that cognitive gaps are detectable in infancy—and persist throughout childhood and into adulthood. What’s more, the trend has been worsening over time: despite improvements in closing gender and race gaps over the last half century, the difference between average outcomes by socio-economic status has gotten larger in test scores, college enrollment rates, and family formation patterns.
	Bibliography Citation Grannis, Kerry Searle and Isabel V. Sawhill. "Improving Children’s Life Chances: Estimates from the Social Genome Model." Report No. 48, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, October 2013.

3.	Moore, Kristin Anderson Sacks, Vanessa Harbin Manlove, Jennifer S. Sawhill, Isabel V.
3.	What If You Earned a Diploma and Delayed Parenthood? Intergenerational Simulations of Delayed Childbearing and Increased Education Research Brief 2014-27, Child Trends, June 2014. Also: http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2014-27SocialGenomeDelayChildbearing.pdf Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Child Trends, Inc. Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Educational Attainment; High School Diploma; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mothers, Adolescent This brief reports the results of using the Social Genome Model to provide a better understanding of how delaying childbearing and improving the educational attainment of teen mothers in one generation can be linked to the improved economic well-being of their children. This brief specifically reports results from "What if" simulations, in which teen mothers' age at their first birth was increased by two or five years and in which the mothers earn a high school diploma. The implications of these changes on the life of the mothers' children are estimated through childhood and up to age 29.
	Bibliography Citation Moore, Kristin Anderson, Vanessa Harbin Sacks, Jennifer S. Manlove and Isabel V. Sawhill. "What If You Earned a Diploma and Delayed Parenthood? Intergenerational Simulations of Delayed Childbearing and Increased Education." Research Brief 2014-27, Child Trends, June 2014.

4.	Sawhill, Isabel V. Reeves, Richard V.
4.	Modeling Equal Opportunity Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,2 (May 2016): 60-97. Also: http://www.rsfjournal.org/doi/full/10.7758/RSF.2016.2.2.03 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation Keyword(s): Achievement; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Children, Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); School Entry/Readiness We examine the themes of equal opportunity, intergenerational mobility, and inequality. We address the normative and definitional questions of selecting measures of mobility and summarize the current state of intergenerational mobility in the United States and abroad. We introduce a new microsimulation model, the Social Genome Model (SGM), which provides a framework for measuring success in each stage of the life cycle. We show how the SGM can be used not only to understand the pathways to the middle class, but also to simulate the impact of policy interventions on rates of mobility.
	Bibliography Citation Sawhill, Isabel V. and Richard V. Reeves. "Modeling Equal Opportunity ." Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2,2 (May 2016): 60-97.

5.	Sawhill, Isabel V. Winship, Scott Grannis, Kerry Searle
5.	Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities Report No. 47, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2012. Also: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/09/20-pathways-middle-class-sawhill-winship Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Brookings Institution Keyword(s): Achievement; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Well-Being; Economic Well-Being; Family Income; Gender Differences; Life Course; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Simulation; School Entry/Readiness Why do some children do so much better than others? And what will it take to create more opportunity? The remainder of this paper addresses these two questions.
	Bibliography Citation Sawhill, Isabel V., Scott Winship and Kerry Searle Grannis. "Pathways to the Middle Class: Balancing Personal and Public Responsibilities." Report No. 47, Social Genome Project Series, Center on Children and Families, The Brookings Institution, September 2012.

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