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Author: Zhao, Hongxin

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1.	McLanahan, Sara S. Garfinkel, Irwin Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne Zhao, Hongxin Johnson, Waldo Rich, Lauren M. Turner, Mark Waller, Maureen Wilson, Melvin
1.	Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Birth Outcomes; Family Studies; Fathers; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Fathers, Involvement; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; Parental Marital Status Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. In this paper, we utilize mothers' reports in the NLSY to examine the level and stability of children's involvement with unwed fathers during the first few years after birth. We find surprisingly high levels of involvement and stability of fathers' involvement among these children. Our findings raise a whole host of questions about the characteristics and capabilities of the unwed fathers and the nature of the relationships between the unwed parents that cannot be addressed with the NLSY data. In the second part of the paper we describe a new longitudinal study of unwed parents - Fragile Families - and present a brief description of some of the findings from two pilot studies in Philadelphia and Chicago and from initial data collection in Oakland.
	Bibliography Citation McLanahan, Sara S., Irwin Garfinkel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Hongxin Zhao, Waldo Johnson, Lauren M. Rich, Mark Turner, Maureen Waller and Melvin Wilson. "Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families." Presented: Chicago, IL, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, April 1998.

2.	Zhao, Hongxin
2.	Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resilience? Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1997 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Fathers, Involvement; Genetics; Mothers, Adolescent; Resilience/Developmental Assets Based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), this study follows a cohort of young children of teenage mothers through the early childhood, and tracks the association between developmental resources and child resilience. The specific question motivating this thesis are: (1) under what circumstances or conditions (multiple conditions) are children of teenage mothers able to overcome adversity? and (2) How do these factors play out over time to promote child resilience? Three major theories are employed to offer interdisciplinary insights on the search for the answers. Resilience Theory points out the importance of individual traits such as competence and self-efficacy to enable children to maneuver their way out of economic and social disadvantage. Social Capital Theory underscores the importance of family structure and process resources and social networks in the communities in promoting successful development among disadvantaged children. Limited Difference Theory stresses the importance of interactions between external support and individual reactions and their cumulative effects on positive growth. A novel Boolean-logic methodology is used to identify and distill the essential features of a complex array of developmental resources that are associated with the successful pathways of resilient children of teenage mothers. Results of the present study suggest that there is not an average pathway to success for the resilient children of teenage mothers; rather, these children utilize different resource packages and thrive accordingly: some have more social capital, others possess more internal strength. Second, cognitive resilience and behavioral resilience capture two distinct areas in children's welfare. Whereas cognitive resilience requires both genetic endowment and provision of learning experience, behavioral resilience is largely a product of high levels of social support, e.g., father's involvement, mother's warmth. Third, the quantitative comparisons of frequencies of generic pathways indicate that the life experience of the resilient children of teenage mothers are distinct from the vulnerable children to a great extent.
	Bibliography Citation Zhao, Hongxin. Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resilience? Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1997.

3.	Zhao, Hongxin
3.	Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resiliency? Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Age at Birth; Behavior; Children, Well-Being; Cognitive Ability; Fathers, Involvement; Life Course; Mothers, Adolescent; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Teenagers Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to examine the conditions under which children of teenage mothers do well in aspects of cognitive, social, emotional, and physical well-being that are central to eventual self-sufficiency. I propose an analytic framework that adopts perspectives of a life course and of the limited differences theory. Specifically I propose that understanding who does and does not possess high well-being requires closer examination of the actual substance of children's lives, that is, their life experiences. Using data from the NLSY-CS, I approach the life histories by formulating a four-category typology of child well-being, based on the age of the mother at the birth of the child and the child's assessment scores at ages 4-6: age-advantaged, age-disadvantaged, resilient, and vulnerable. Boolean String Techniques are employed to identity multiple combinations of family resources, which include economic parental, and community resources, and to delineate diverse pathways to success for children of teenage mothers.
	Bibliography Citation Zhao, Hongxin. "Children of Teenage Mothers: What Determines Their Resiliency?" Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1996.

4.	Zhao, Hongxin Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne McLanahan, Sara S. Singer, Burton
4.	Studying the Real Child Rather than the Ideal Child: Bringing the Person into Developmental Studies In: Developmental Science and the Holistic Approach. Bergman, Lars R. ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Resilience/Developmental Assets Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.
	Bibliography Citation Zhao, Hongxin, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Sara S. McLanahan and Burton Singer. "Studying the Real Child Rather than the Ideal Child: Bringing the Person into Developmental Studies" In: Developmental Science and the Holistic Approach. Bergman, Lars R. ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000

5.	Zhao, Hongxin McLanahan, Sara S.
5.	Level of Resources Versus Uncertainty of Resources: What Matters Most to Children Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Population Association of America Keyword(s): Children, Home Environment; Children, Poverty; Children, Well-Being; Disadvantaged, Economically; Family Resources; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Poverty Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process by which economic hardship, parental and community resources affect child well-being. We propose an analytic framework that adopts a life-course perspective and incorporates theoretical insights from sociology and psychology. Employing the data from the 1986-1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), we construct the life histories of three cohorts of children and propose that different combinations of resource levels and changes and how they are experienced in different life domains through time will distinguish the life histories of children of stable low resources from those of unpredictable resources.
	Bibliography Citation Zhao, Hongxin and Sara S. McLanahan. "Level of Resources Versus Uncertainty of Resources: What Matters Most to Children." Presented: San Francisco, CA, Population Association of America Meetings, 1995.

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