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Author: Zimmerman, David J.

Resulting in 14 citations.

1.	Ashenfelter, Orley Zimmerman, David J.
1.	Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from Sibling Data: Fathers Sons and Brothers The Review of Economics and Statistics 79,1 (February 1997): 1-9. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951427 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: Harvard University Press Keyword(s): Brothers; Educational Returns; Fathers and Sons; Schooling; Siblings Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Data on brothers and on fathers and sons from the National Longitudinal Survey are used to consider the impact of omitted variables and measurement errors on the economic returns to schooling. The analysis suggests that the upward bias in estimated returns due to omitted variables is likely offset by an equal downward bias resulting from measurement errors in reported schooling. Controlling for both of these potential sources of bias yields results comparable to conventional repression estimates of the economic return to schooling. (Copyright 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)
	Bibliography Citation Ashenfelter, Orley and David J. Zimmerman. "Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from Sibling Data: Fathers Sons and Brothers." The Review of Economics and Statistics 79,1 (February 1997): 1-9.

2.	Ashenfelter, Orley Zimmerman, David J.
2.	Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from Sibling Data: Fathers, Sons, and Brothers NBER Working Paper No. 4491, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1993. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W4491 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Brothers; Educational Returns; Family Background and Culture; Pairs (also see Siblings); Schooling; Siblings This paper uses data on brothers, and fathers and sons, to estimate the economic returns to schooling. Its goal is to determine whether the correlation between earnings and schooling is due, in part, to the correlation between family backgrounds and schooling. The basic idea is to contrast the differences between the schooling of brothers, and fathers and sons, with the differences in their respective earnings. Since individuals linked by family affiliation are more likely to have similar innate ability and family backgrounds than randomly selected individuals our procedure provides a straightforward control for unobserved family attributes. The empirical results indicate that in the sample of brothers the ordinary least squares estimates of the return to schooling may be biased upward by some 25% by the omission of family background factors. Adjustments for measurement error, however, imply that the intrafamily estimate of the returns to schooling is biased downward by about 25% also, so that the ordinary least squares estimate suffers from very little overall bias. Using data on fathers and sons introduces some ambiguity into these findings, as commonly used specification tests reject the simplest models of the role of family background in the determination of earnings.
	Bibliography Citation Ashenfelter, Orley and David J. Zimmerman. "Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from Sibling Data: Fathers, Sons, and Brothers." NBER Working Paper No. 4491, National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1993.

3.	Levine, Phillip B. Trainor, Amy B. Zimmerman, David J.
3.	The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies and Births Journal of Health Economics 15,5 (October 1996): 555-578. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762969600495X Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Abortion; Benefits, Disability; Child Care; Childbearing; Children; Demography; Fertility; Medicaid/Medicare; Modeling; Morbidity; Mortality; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; State Welfare; Welfare This paper considers whether state Medicaid abortion funding restrictions affect the likelihood of getting pregnant, having an abortion, and bearing a child. The authors exploit a natural experiment afforded by Supreme Court decisions and employ more traditional multivariate models with alternative fixed effect specifications. An analysis of twelve years of state-level data indicate that restrictions are associated with a reduction in abortions and either no change or a reduction in births, implying fewer pregnancies. Subsequent analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is consistent with these findings and show the response is concentrated among the low-income population.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B., Amy B. Trainor and David J. Zimmerman. "The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies and Births." Journal of Health Economics 15,5 (October 1996): 555-578.

4.	Levine, Phillip B. Trainor, Amy B. Zimmerman, David J.
4.	The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies, and Births NBER Working Paper No. 5066, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5066 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Abortion; Behavior; Childbearing; Fertility; Government Regulation; Medicaid/Medicare; Poverty; Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes; State Welfare This paper considers whether state Medicaid abortion funding restrictions affect the likelihood of getting pregnant, having an abortion, and bearing a child. Aggregate, state-level data and microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) are applied in the empirical work. Changes in laws resulting from Supreme Court decisions create a natural experiment which is utilized to examine fertility behavior. Multivariate models controlling for state and, in the NLSY, personal characteristics are also estimated using alternative fixed effect specifications. We find that Medicaid funding restrictions are associated with a reduction in both the number of abortions and pregnancies, resulting in either no change or a reduction in births. Full-text available on-line: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5066
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B., Amy B. Trainor and David J. Zimmerman. "The Effect of Medicaid Abortion Funding Restrictions on Abortions, Pregnancies, and Births." NBER Working Paper No. 5066, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995.

5.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
5.	A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 73-84. Also: http://wox.sagepub.com/content/22/1/73.abstract Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Gender Differences; Modeling; Occupational Aspirations; Occupational Attainment; Occupational Choice; Occupations, Female; Occupations, Non-Traditional Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between the sex-types of aspired occupations and the sex-types of achieved occupations. Then, multivariate models of the probability of entering a traditional (i.e., female-dominated) or nontraditional (i.e., male-dominated) occupation are estimated The authors find that Jacobs actually overestimated the relationship between aspirations and achievement and that this relationship has, in some ways, grown weaker over time.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement." Work and Occupations 22,1 (February 1995): 73-84.

6.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
6.	An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY NBER Working Paper No. 5264, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. Also: http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5264. Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; State Welfare; Welfare This paper examines the extent to which differences in welfare generosity across states leads to interstate migration. Using microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) between 1979 and 1992, we employ a quasi-experimental design that utilizes the categorical eligibility of the welfare system. The pattern of cross-state moves among poor single women with children who are likely to be eligible for benefits is compared to the pattern among other poor households. We find little evidence indicating that welfare-induced migration is a widespread phenomenon. Full-text available on-line at http://nber.nber.org/papers/W5264; and Discussion Paper No. 1098-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, July 1996, http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY." NBER Working Paper No. 5264, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995.

7.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
7.	An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY Journal of Population Economics 12,3 (August 1999): 391-409. Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/29ba788gy2t22ff3/ Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Springer Keyword(s): Migration; Migration Patterns; State Welfare; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This paper examines the extent to which differences in welfare generosity across states leads to interstate migration. Using microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) between 1979 and 1992, we employ a quasi-experimental design that utilizes the categorical eligibility of the welfare system. The pattern of cross-state moves among poor single women with children, who are likely to be eligible for benefits is compared to the pattern among other poor households. We find little evidence indicating that welfare-induced migration is a widespread phenomenon.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "An Empirical Analysis of the Welfare Magnet Debate Using the NLSY." Journal of Population Economics 12,3 (August 1999): 391-409.

8.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
8.	Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development Human Resources Abstracts 35,4 (December 2000). Also: JCPR Working Paper No. 130, January 2000. Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Sage Publications Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Hispanics; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10, over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper, we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling difference, and child fixed-effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether those characteristics are observable evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." Human Resources Abstracts 35,4 (December 2000).

9.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
9.	Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development NBER Working Paper No. 7522, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2000. Also: http://www.nber.org/papers/w7522 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Poverty; Hispanics; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Income; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10 over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling difference, and child fixed effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether or not those characteristics are observable to the researcher. Based on the results of all three estimation strategies, we find little evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." NBER Working Paper No. 7522, National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2000.

10.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
10.	Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development Journal of Public Economics 89,1 (January 2005): 31-56. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272704000040 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Behavior, Antisocial; Behavioral Problems; Child Development; Ethnic Differences; Hispanics; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Racial Differences; Siblings; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare We examine the extent to which children are exposed to the welfare system through their mother's receipt of benefits and its impact on several developmental outcomes. Using data from the matched mother-child file from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we find that children's welfare exposure is substantial. By age 10, over one-third of all children will have lived in a welfare household; black, non-Hispanic children face a much higher rate of exposure. Simple correlations suggest a strong negative relationship between maternal welfare receipt and children's outcomes. In this paper, we implement three alternative strategies (instrumental variables, sibling differences, and child fixed effects models) designed to identify whether this correlation can be attributed to the mother's welfare receipt directly or to other characteristics of mothers who receive welfare, regardless of whether or not those characteristics are observable to the researcher. Based on the results of all three estimation strategies, we find little evidence of any causal link between maternal welfare receipt and children's developmental outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Children's Welfare Exposure and Subsequent Development." Journal of Public Economics 89,1 (January 2005): 31-56.

11.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
11.	Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap? Discussion Paper No. 1100-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996. Also: http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dplist.htm Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP), University of Wisconsin - Madison Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earnings; Endogeneity; Family Characteristics; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Probit; Welfare Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Several recent studies have shown that daughters whose mothers have participated in the welfare program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), are themselves more likely to participate in AFDC when they head their own household. Other studies have shown that the earnings of parents and their children are highly correlated across generations. This suggests that any variable correlated with income--such as AFDC participation--will also be correlated across generations. This paper uses data from the original and youth cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys to investigate the question of whether the link in mother-daughter welfare participation is a causal relationship, or whether it can be explained by the expected intergenerational correlation in earnings. Several reduced-form probit equations are estimated, and attention is directed to the potential endogeneity of key explanatory variables. The empirical findings suggest that much of the observed correlation in AFDC participation across generations can be explained by the intergenerational correlation of income and other family characteristics.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "Intergenerational Correlation in AFDC Participation: Welfare Trap or Poverty Trap?" Discussion Paper No. 1100-96, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1996.

12.	Levine, Phillip B. Zimmerman, David J.
12.	The Benefit of Additional High School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13,2 (April 1995): 137-149. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1392368 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: American Statistical Association Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB); College Graduates; Family Background and Culture; GED/General Educational Diploma/General Equivalency Degree/General Educational Development; High School Curriculum; Labor Market Outcomes; Occupational Choice; Training; Wage Dynamics This paper examines the effects of more technical training in high school on labor market outcomes for men and women. We consider the effect of taking more high school math and science classes on wages, occupational choice, and college major. The results show a positive return to additional courses in math for women who eventually go on to graduate from college. No significant return to math is consistently observed for other groups of workers and high school science courses have no effect on wages for any group of workers. The effect of additional math classes for female college graduates may be attributed to their increased propensity to major in technical fields in college and to enter more technical, male-dominated jobs.
	Bibliography Citation Levine, Phillip B. and David J. Zimmerman. "The Benefit of Additional High School Math and Science Classes for Young Men and Women: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13,2 (April 1995): 137-149.

13.	Zimmerman, David J.
13.	Intergenerational Mobility and the Transmission of Inequality: an Empirical Study Using Longitudinal Data Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1992 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning Keyword(s): Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC); Earnings; Education; Fathers; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Modeling, Probit; Mothers and Daughters; Poverty; Sons; Variables, Instrumental; Welfare This dissertation contains three separate essays. The first essay uses data from the NLS to measure the degree of intergenerational economic mobility in the U.S. Specifically it examines the extent to which the economic outcomes of sons resemble those of their fathers. Estimates are provided using a variety of procedures including Ordinary Least Squares Instrumental Variables and Generalized Method of Moments. The findings indicate the intergenerational correlation in earnings to be on the order of 0.4 suggesting considerably less economic mobility in the U.S. than previously reported. The second essay uses a matched sample of mothers and daughters from the NLS to measure the extent to which a daughter's exposure to parental welfare participation increases the probability of the daughter receiving welfare when she heads her own household. The observed correlation in the welfare histories of mothers and daughters would provide a biased estimate of the intergenerational welfare trap if parent-child earnings are correlated across generations. Two approaches are used to form an unbiased estimate of the welfare trap. The first predicts the fraction of children expected to participate in the welfare program AFDC simply because of the intergenerational correlation in income. The second approach employs a probit model of welfare participation. The findings suggest that much of the intergenerational correlation in welfare participation is not the result of a welfare trap but rather is an outcome of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. The third essay uses a matched sample of brothers and fathers and sons from the NLS to estimate the economic returns to schooling. Contrasting the earnings and education of brothers or fathers and sons provides a means of controlling for unobserved family attributes that could bias the estimated returns to schooling. The findings suggest that estimated returns to schooling do not suffer from a significant upward omitted variable bias but rather a substantial downward bias due to measurement error in reported schooling.
	Bibliography Citation Zimmerman, David J. Intergenerational Mobility and the Transmission of Inequality: an Empirical Study Using Longitudinal Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1992.

14.	Zimmerman, David J.
14.	Regression Toward Mediocrity in Economic Stature American Economic Review 82,3 (June 1992): 409-429. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117313 Cohort(s): Older Men, Young Men Publisher: American Economic Association Keyword(s): Earnings; Fathers and Children; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility; Mobility, Economic; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wages, Men; Wages, Young Men Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Estimates of the correlation in lifetime earnings between fathers and sons are presented. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey are used to measure the amount of intergenerational economic mobility present in the U.S. The data were obtained from a sample of 876 independent father-son pairs over the 1966-81 period and were analyzed on the basis of income from wages and salaries, hourly wages, and the Duncan index of socioeconomic status. Earlier studies, conducted for the US, report elasticities of children's earnings with respect to parent's earnings of 0.2 or less, suggesting extensive intergenerational mobility. These estimates, however, are biased downward by error-contaminated measures of lifetime economic status. Estimates are presented which correct for the problem of measurement error and find the integenerational correlation in income to be on the order of 0.4. This suggests considerably less intergenerational mobility than previously believed. Charts, equations, references.
	Bibliography Citation Zimmerman, David J. "Regression Toward Mediocrity in Economic Stature." American Economic Review 82,3 (June 1992): 409-429.

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