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Author: Billy, John O. G.

Resulting in 4 citations.

1.	McLaughlin, Steven D. Billy, John O. G. Johnson, Terry R. Melber, Barbara D.
1.	Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg. Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women Publisher: Cosmopolitan Magazine Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Childbearing; Demography; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. The first of these reports discusses the basic demographic trends in education, marriage, childbearing, and labor force participation experienced by American women. While observing that important changes are occurring within each of the areas listed above, the authors note that, with the exception of the unprecedented increase of women in the labor force, most of the trends can be seen within the perspective of a return to historic trends established in the first half of the century. What appears new is the rise of women as 'primary individuals' who will experience a life course characterized by longer periods of independence and self-sufficiency (e.g., extended education, delayed marriage, postponed childbearing, etc.). The second report examines the linkages between attitude and behavior change and concludes that a major attitude transition has been completed and that, as a result, American women are entering a period of demographic and attitudinal stability.
	Bibliography Citation McLaughlin, Steven D., John O. G. Billy, Terry R. Johnson and Barbara D. Melber. "Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II." Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg.

2.	McLaughlin, Steven D. Grady, William R. Billy, John O. G. Lansdale, Nancy S.
2.	The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18. Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135194 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Racial Differences; Schooling Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. Whether or not they marry, black adolescent mothers are more likely than whites to attend school following the birth of their first child. Marrying to legitimate a birth reduces the likelihood that a teenager will return to school after childbearing; this impact of marriage is much stronger among black than among white teenagers. The timing of marriage appears to affect school enrollment among white teenagers through its impact on living arrangements. However, the negative impact of marriage on educational achievement does not seem to be a consequence of earlier differences in educational expectations among the teenagers. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. In addition, low-birth-weights for the various marital situations are examined.
	Bibliography Citation McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Nancy S. Lansdale. "The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence." Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18.

3.	McLaughlin, Steven D. Grady, William R. Billy, John O. G. Winges, Linda D.
3.	The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences Teenage parenthood has been linked to reduced education, marital instability, rapid subsequent childbearing, and health problems for the child. This research compares individuals who had a first live birth before age 20 for three marital status groups: those who married before becoming pregnant, those who married during the pregnancy and those who did not marry before the birth. The four outcomes considered are: education acquired after the birth, marital disruption, the timing of the second child, and the health of the infant. Black adolescent mothers are more likely to attend school after the birth than white adolescent mothers. Marriage before birth, either before pregnancy or while pregnant, reduces the probability of attaining more education after birth, and this negative impact of marriage is much stronger for blacks. Remaining unmarried at the birth increases the likelihood of the white teenager being with her family which, in turn, increases the likelihood of additional education. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. Baby birthweight and breastfeeding characteristics are examined. Birth outcomes and marriage timing are discussed in terms of the effects of marital status at first birth and how they vary by race. Because the proportion of all adolescent births that occur before marriage is increasing, these results have important implications for policy planners and program administrators. Additional data comes from Cycle 3 of the National Survey of Faculty Growth.
	Bibliography Citation McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Linda D. Winges. "The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy." Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984.

4.	McLaughlin, Steven D. Melber, Barbara D. Billy, John O. G. Zimmerle, Denise M.
4.	The Changing Lives of American Women Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988 Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women Publisher: University of North Carolina Press Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Sexual Activity; Women Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher. This book traces the basic demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal changes in the life course of three generations of American women. It looks closely at behavioral changes in educational attainment, marital patterns, premarital sexual behavior, labor force participation, and childbearing. The authors use data from the NLS of Mature Women and Young Women to examine attitudinal changes over the years 1967 to 1982. Various roles or life course stages, i.e., that of student, job holder, wife, employed wife, mother, employed mother, etc., were constructed for four separate five year birth cohorts of women and analyzed for the years 1960 to 1980. Finally, changes in life course plans (percent planning to be homemakers at age 35), attitude of women toward full-time employment of mothers, and attitude toward mothers' working when husband disapproves were examined by cohort, life course stage, and year.
	Bibliography Citation McLaughlin, Steven D., Barbara D. Melber, John O. G. Billy and Denise M. Zimmerle. The Changing Lives of American Women. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

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