Search Results

Author: McLaughlin, Steven D.
Resulting in 12 citations.
1. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing for the Mother's Occupational Attainment
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1977
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age and Ageing; Age at First Birth; Child Health; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Educational Attainment; Educational Returns; Family Background and Culture; Occupational Attainment; Wages

This research provided documentation of the impact of adolescent childbearing on the economic attainment of the mother. Drawing on data from the NLS of Young Women, causal models of economic attainment were estimated separately for subsamples of women having their first child at different ages. The educational attainment of the early childbearer was found to be severely attenuated. Even after socioeconomic background was controlled, the earlier the birth of the first child, the lower the average education. The findings regarding labor force experience were inconclusive; however, there was a slight positive effect from early childbearing on experience. The earning potential of the short- and long-term occupation was found to be negatively associated with early childbearing. The effect was indirect, so that the mother's age at first parity influenced her education which, in turn, influenced her earning potential. In the short term, the adolescent mother was found to realize a far lower rate of economic return to her education. The mother's ability to exchange education for earning potential is reduced as age at first parity declines. This effect was not found in the long term model. The analysis of actual wages earned demonstrated no age-at-first-parity effect.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. "Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing for the Mother's Occupational Attainment." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1977.
2. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Differential Patterns of Female Labor-force Participation Surrounding the First Birth
Journal of Marriage and Family 44,2 (May 1982): 407-420.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/351549
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Fertility; First Birth; Well-Being; Work Experience; Work History

Five years of panel data from a national sample of Young Women age 14 to 24 are used to examine patterns of female labor-force participation surrounding the birth of the first child. It is argued that declines in labor-force participation prior to the first birth and increases in participation following the birth will vary by education, economic well-being, and prebirth work experience. In each case the differential patterns of participation surrounding the first birth conform to the hypotheses. A case is then made for the importance of recognizing the conditional nature of this dynamic relationship.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. "Differential Patterns of Female Labor-force Participation Surrounding the First Birth." Journal of Marriage and Family 44,2 (May 1982): 407-420.
3. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Educational and Occupational Aspirations as Determinants of Adolescent Fertility
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1981
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Fertility; High School Curriculum; Occupational Attainment; Sex Roles; Siblings; Teenagers; Vocational Education

Using the 14 to 24-year-old female cohort of the NLS, this report investigates the relationship between high educational and occupational aspirations and fertility. These aspirations are included in an equation along with measures of socioeconomic background, number of siblings, high school curriculum, and sex role attitudes. The equation is estimated separately within four categories of age (14/15, 16, 17, and 18) and two categories of race (white and black). Findings show that racial differences in adolescent fertility disappear for adolescents age 17 and 18 but remain among those who are younger; older white and black adolescents enrolled in a college preparatory high school curriculum are less likely to experience a birth than those enrolled in general vocational or technical curriculum; sex role attitudes and number of siblings do not affect probability of a birth for any of the age-race groups; and educational aspirations significantly affect birth probabilities only among whites age 14/15 and 17. Analyses show overall, however, that the adolescent fertility process is not profoundly influenced by aspirations.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. "Educational and Occupational Aspirations as Determinants of Adolescent Fertility." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1981.
4. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Family and Women's Labor Force Participation
Final Report, National Institute of Mental Health, 1979
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Mental Health
Keyword(s): Child Care; Children; Earnings; Employment; Family Background and Culture; Fertility; Husbands, Influence; Schooling; Sex Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Changing patterns of women's labor force participation and fertility are examined in order to provide an overview of the problems as well as an introduction to the theoretical and analytical perspective. Changes in fertility from macro and micro perspectives are described. The theoretical perspectives utilized in past efforts to understand the relationship between fertility and labor force participation are reviewed. Models involving either labor force participation or fertility as the dependent variable are critically assessed in terms of their implications for the study of the dynamic fertility/labor force participation relationship. Major conclusions are that: (1) the impact of pre-birth labor experience on fertility is minimal in almost all contexts and for both races; (2) a strong inverse effect of fertility on labor force participation is found for the total white and black sample; and (3) the dimension of family composition most important for labor force participation is the number of years spent with a pre-school child without an older relative.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. "Family and Women's Labor Force Participation." Final Report, National Institute of Mental Health, 1979.
5. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Occupational Characteristics and the Male-Female Income Differential
Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1975
Cohort(s): Mature Women
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Earnings; Family Background and Culture; Husbands; Occupational Attainment; Schooling; Wives

The major findings of this research are that: (1) the extent to which married women participate in the labor force is a function of family composition; (2) the labor force participation of married men is independent of the family; (3) the nature of the occupations within which married men and women work is independent of family composition; (4) males earn more than females via their participation in the labor force controlling for the nature of the occupation within which they work, their education, and their experience; (5) the intellectual skill dimension of occupations is the most important determinant of income for both sexes; (6) within categories of education and experience men earn over twice as much as women for the intellectual skill dimension of their occupation; (7) every year of formal education yields an average yearly income gain for men which is almost twice as large as the corresponding income gain for women; and (8) labor force experience has an approximately equal net effect on the incomes of men and women. The implications of these findings for the "equal pay for equal work" issue and for change directed social-economic policy are discussed.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. Occupational Characteristics and the Male-Female Income Differential. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State University, 1975.
6. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Billy, John O. G.
Johnson, Terry R.
Melber, Barbara D.
Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II
Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg.
Cohort(s): Mature Women, NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: Cosmopolitan Magazine
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Childbearing; Demography; Fertility; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Marriage

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The first of these reports discusses the basic demographic trends in education, marriage, childbearing, and labor force participation experienced by American women. While observing that important changes are occurring within each of the areas listed above, the authors note that, with the exception of the unprecedented increase of women in the labor force, most of the trends can be seen within the perspective of a return to historic trends established in the first half of the century. What appears new is the rise of women as 'primary individuals' who will experience a life course characterized by longer periods of independence and self-sufficiency (e.g., extended education, delayed marriage, postponed childbearing, etc.). The second report examines the linkages between attitude and behavior change and concludes that a major attitude transition has been completed and that, as a result, American women are entering a period of demographic and attitudinal stability.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., John O. G. Billy, Terry R. Johnson and Barbara D. Melber. "Cosmopolitan Report on the Changing Life Course of American Women: Parts I & II." Cosmopolitan Magazine, 1986: pg.
7. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Grady, William R.
Billy, John O. G.
Lansdale, Nancy S.
The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence
Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2135194
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Birthweight; Educational Attainment; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Marriage; Maternal Employment; Mothers; Racial Differences; Schooling

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Whether or not they marry, black adolescent mothers are more likely than whites to attend school following the birth of their first child. Marrying to legitimate a birth reduces the likelihood that a teenager will return to school after childbearing; this impact of marriage is much stronger among black than among white teenagers. The timing of marriage appears to affect school enrollment among white teenagers through its impact on living arrangements. However, the negative impact of marriage on educational achievement does not seem to be a consequence of earlier differences in educational expectations among the teenagers. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. In addition, low-birth-weights for the various marital situations are examined.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Nancy S. Lansdale. "The Effects of the Sequencing of Marriage and First Birth During Adolescence." Family Planning Perspectives 18,1 (January-February 1986): 12-18.
8. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Grady, William R.
Billy, John O. G.
Winges, Linda D.
The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy
Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Breastfeeding; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Fertility; Health Factors; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Marital Stability; Marital Status; Pregnancy, Adolescent; Racial Differences

Teenage parenthood has been linked to reduced education, marital instability, rapid subsequent childbearing, and health problems for the child. This research compares individuals who had a first live birth before age 20 for three marital status groups: those who married before becoming pregnant, those who married during the pregnancy and those who did not marry before the birth. The four outcomes considered are: education acquired after the birth, marital disruption, the timing of the second child, and the health of the infant. Black adolescent mothers are more likely to attend school after the birth than white adolescent mothers. Marriage before birth, either before pregnancy or while pregnant, reduces the probability of attaining more education after birth, and this negative impact of marriage is much stronger for blacks. Remaining unmarried at the birth increases the likelihood of the white teenager being with her family which, in turn, increases the likelihood of additional education. The timing of marriage and the likelihood of separation from their husbands in later years if they marry before the birth is also discussed in terms of black and white mothers. Intervals between first birth and second for those who marry either before or during the pregnancy or after birth are examined in terms of the two races. Baby birthweight and breastfeeding characteristics are examined. Birth outcomes and marriage timing are discussed in terms of the effects of marital status at first birth and how they vary by race. Because the proportion of all adolescent births that occur before marriage is increasing, these results have important implications for policy planners and program administrators. Additional data comes from Cycle 3 of the National Survey of Faculty Growth.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, John O. G. Billy and Linda D. Winges. "The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Pregnancy." Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Office of Adolescent Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, 1984.
9. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Grady, William R.
Herting, Jerald R.
Florey, Francesca A.
The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: Education, Income and Subsequent Fertility
Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, 1986
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Childbearing; Childbearing, Adolescent; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Racial Differences; Wantedness; Well-Being

This report extends an earlier analysis of the consequences of adolescent childbearing (McLaughlin, et. al., 1985). It examines three primary issues: (1) how family and public sector support affected the completion of education; (2) how the economic well-being of teenage mothers is affected by the timing of marriage; and (3) the effect of marriage timing on the spacing and wantedness of the third birth. Using data from the 1979-1982 NLSY, this analysis found that while less than half of all adolescent mothers who became pregnant before completing high school were able to achieve a diploma within two years after the birth, those who remarried in the household of their parents after the birth were more likely to obtain their diploma than adolescent mothers who established separate living arrangements. Secondly, almost 40% of all white adolescent mothers and over two-thirds of all black adolescent mothers were in poverty one year after the birth. When the poverty status of those who marry prior to the birth is compared to the status of those not marrying before the birth, there appears to be an economic gain associated with marriage. However after controlling for the other factors affecting economic well- being, there is no remaining effect of marriage but the effects of living arrangements remain large and significant. Finally, marital status at first birth was found to significantly affect the timing of the third birth only among black women.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., William R. Grady, Jerald R. Herting and Francesca A. Florey. "The Effects of the Decision to Marry on the Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing: Education, Income and Subsequent Fertility." Final Report, Seattle WA: Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, 1986.
10. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Melber, Barbara D.
Female Challenge -- Converging Dreams and Separate Realities
Marketing Communications 11,10 (November 1986): 29-36
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: Marketing Communications
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Children; Educational Attainment; Employment; Family Structure; Marriage; Women's Roles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Recent decades have witnessed fundamental changes in the way women organize their lives. A tremendous transition has taken place through which women have altered their relationships with their families and with the economy. Data on 10,000 women from the Mature and Young Women cohorts (1967-1983) were utilized. The investigation reveals that new levels of economic independence encourage the lifestyle of the ''primary woman,'' who makes major life decisions in such areas as work, children, education, and marriage. Attitudes of women are shifting closer to men's, and there are important and complex linkages between these and personal behavior. One important area remains unaffected: women continue to place a high value on marriage and family. Women want marriage, but they want greater independence within the union. Women's stress in meeting both family and career commitments, combined with their increased purchasing power, may produce important changes in women's consumer behavior.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. and Barbara D. Melber. "Female Challenge -- Converging Dreams and Separate Realities." Marketing Communications 11,10 (November 1986): 29-36.
11. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Melber, Barbara D.
Billy, John O. G.
Zimmerle, Denise M.
The Changing Lives of American Women
Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Keyword(s): Attitudes; Behavior; Childbearing; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Educational Attainment; Labor Force Participation; Life Course; Life Cycle Research; Marital Status; Sexual Activity; Women

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This book traces the basic demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal changes in the life course of three generations of American women. It looks closely at behavioral changes in educational attainment, marital patterns, premarital sexual behavior, labor force participation, and childbearing. The authors use data from the NLS of Mature Women and Young Women to examine attitudinal changes over the years 1967 to 1982. Various roles or life course stages, i.e., that of student, job holder, wife, employed wife, mother, employed mother, etc., were constructed for four separate five year birth cohorts of women and analyzed for the years 1960 to 1980. Finally, changes in life course plans (percent planning to be homemakers at age 35), attitude of women toward full-time employment of mothers, and attitude toward mothers' working when husband disapproves were examined by cohort, life course stage, and year.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D., Barbara D. Melber, John O. G. Billy and Denise M. Zimmerle. The Changing Lives of American Women. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
12. McLaughlin, Steven D.
Micklin, Michael
The Timing of the First Birth and Changes in Personal Efficacy
Journal of Marriage and Family 45,1 (February 1983): 47-55.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/351294
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): First Birth; Life Course; Psychological Effects; Teenagers

The authors examine the psychological consequences of first birth from a life-course perspective. The first birth is seen as a major life event, subject to normative constraints regarding its timing. It is hypothesized that too early a first birth has negative psychological consequences for the mother in the form of a lowered sense of personal efficacy. Data are drawn from the NLS Young Women Cohort. Results indicate that having a first birth before age 19 reduces personal efficacy, regardless of original differences in efficacy, age, education, or parental socioeconomic status.
Bibliography Citation
McLaughlin, Steven D. and Michael Micklin. "The Timing of the First Birth and Changes in Personal Efficacy." Journal of Marriage and Family 45,1 (February 1983): 47-55.