Search Results

Author: Hofferth, Sandra L.
Resulting in 38 citations.
1. Brady-Smith, Christy
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Patterns of Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: An Analysis of Children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Presented: Washington, DC, Population Associaton of America Annual Meeting, March 2001
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Cognitive Development; Maternal Employment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

We examine associations between maternal employment patterns in the first 3 years of life and child outcomes at age 3 to 5 using data from the 1997 Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (N = 465). Associations are examined separately for non-Hispanic white and African American children. For non-Hispanic white children, maternal employment that began in the 1st year of the child's life and continued through the 2nd or 3rd year (early entry) was negatively associated with verbal achievement, but not with math achievement or behavior problems. For African American children, early entry was not directly associated with child outcomes. Analyses examined work intensity and child, family, parenting, and home environment characteristics as moderators of these associations. Findings are discussed in terms of their congruence with past research conducted with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and relevance to current U.S. policy.
Bibliography Citation
Brady-Smith, Christy and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Patterns of Early Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: An Analysis of Children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics." Presented: Washington, DC, Population Associaton of America Annual Meeting, March 2001.
2. Cabrera, Natasha
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Hancock, Gregory
Family Structure, Maternal Employment, and Change in Children's Externalizing Problem Behaviour: Differences by Age and Self-regulation
European Journal of Developmental Psychology 11,2 (2014): 136-158.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17405629.2013.873716#.VOOn0mPOnsk
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Temperament; Family Structure; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Presence; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles; Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Self-Control/Self-Regulation; Temperament

This study used a latent difference score growth model to investigate how changes in family structure (biological father and stepfather residence) and maternal employment are associated with American children's externalizing problem behaviours (EPB) from ages 4-10 and whether these associations vary by children's level of self-regulation. For all 4-year-old children, living with a biological father at age 4 was associated with reductions in EPB at ages 4-6 and later years, with no variation by child self-regulation. Living with a stepfather at age 4 was associated with higher levels of EPB at age 4; however, for less-regulated children, stepfather residence at ages 4 and 8 was associated with reductions in EPB between ages 4-6 and 8-10, respectively. Greater employment hours were associated with increased EPB in the next 2 years for less-regulated children of all ages; however, except for the age 4-6 transition, there was a lagged association that reduced behaviour problems after 2 years and outweighed short-term increases.
Bibliography Citation
Cabrera, Natasha, Sandra L. Hofferth and Gregory Hancock. "Family Structure, Maternal Employment, and Change in Children's Externalizing Problem Behaviour: Differences by Age and Self-regulation." European Journal of Developmental Psychology 11,2 (2014): 136-158.
3. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Reproduction of Fatherhood: A Cautionary Tale
Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America (PAA) 2008 Annual Meeting, April 17-19, 2008.
Also: http://paa2008.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=80755
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Decision-making/Conflict; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Maternal Employment; Parenting Skills/Styles; Parents, Behavior; Religion

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The transition to fatherhood is likely influenced by family structures and transitions experienced in childhood. In order to understand and alleviate the effects of childhood family structure, it is also important to examine the effects of economic deprivation, parenting processes, and adolescent behavior on this transition. This paper focuses on how family structure and processes shape the transition to problematic fatherhood—early and particularly nonresidential—among a relatively disadvantaged group of young men. The data come from the linked Child-Mother and Young Adult Samples of the NLSY79, which provide information on the children of the women of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood. The results suggest that males growing up with a single parent or in an unstable family transition to fatherhood early, particularly nonresidential fatherhood, but these effects are mediated by economic deprivation, parenting processes, and adolescent behaviors.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Reproduction of Fatherhood: A Cautionary Tale." Presented: New Orleans, LA, Population Association of America (PAA) 2008 Annual Meeting, April 17-19, 2008.
4. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Curtin, Sally C.
Parenthood and Leaving Home in Young Adulthood
Population Research and Policy Review 33,6 (December 2014): 771-796.
Also: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-014-9334-9/fulltext.html
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Springer
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Age at First Intercourse; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Family Formation; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Gender Differences; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Modeling, Hazard/Event History/Survival/Duration; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenthood; Parenting Skills/Styles; Teenagers; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

With increases in nonmarital fertility, the sequencing of transitions in early adulthood has become even more complex. Once the primary transition out of the parental home, marriage was first replaced by nonfamily living and cohabitation; more recently, many young adults have become parents before entering a coresidential union. Studies of leaving home, however, have not examined the role of early parenthood. Using the Young Adult Study of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n = 4,674), we use logistic regression to analyze parenthood both as a correlate of leaving home and as a route from the home. We find that even in mid-adolescence, becoming a parent is linked with leaving home. Coming from a more affluent family is linked with leaving home via routes that do not involve children rather than those that do, and having a warm relationship with either a mother or a father retards leaving home, particularly to nonfamily living, but is not related to parental routes out of the home.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin, Sandra L. Hofferth and Sally C. Curtin. "Parenthood and Leaving Home in Young Adulthood." Population Research and Policy Review 33,6 (December 2014): 771-796.
5. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Spearin, Carrie E.
From Sons to Fathers in the NLSY79
Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2006
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Support; Family Formation; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Presence; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Abstract: With the rise in out-of-wedlock childbearing and divorce in the last quarter of the 20th century, an increasing proportion of children have been exposed not only to life with a single mother but to a variety of new family forms. In this paper we examine the determinants of men's early parental roles, distinguishing factors that affect being a father versus childless, being a coresident vs. a noncoresident father, as well as those predicting being a stepfather. The data come from the Child-Mother and Young Adult Samples of the NLSY79, which provide information on the children of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood. The results support previous research showing the economic and educational disadvantage of men not living with their biological children and, to a lesser degree, men who become stepfathers.
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin, Sandra L. Hofferth and Carrie E. Spearin. "From Sons to Fathers in the NLSY79." Presented: Montreal, QC, American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, August 2006.
6. Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Spearin, Carrie E.
Curtin, Sally C.
Fatherhood Across Two Generations
Journal of Family Issues 30,5 (May 2009): 586-604.
Also: http://jfi.sagepub.com/content/30/5/586.abstract
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Sage Publications
Keyword(s): Cohabitation; Disadvantaged, Economically; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This article examines the determinants of men's early parental roles, distinguishing factors that affect being a father versus being childless, and factors that affect being a resident versus a nonresident father, in the context of having a partner or not. We also consider whether these patterns have changed between 1985 and 2004. The data come from the linked Child-Mother and Young Adult Samples of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), which provide information on the children of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood, and from the original youth sample of parallel ages. The results support previous research showing the importance of economic and educational disadvantages and nontraditional family structure on being a nonresident father. The effects of family structure appear to have attenuated between generations as determinants of men's early parental roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Bibliography Citation
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin, Sandra L. Hofferth, Carrie E. Spearin and Sally C. Curtin. "Fatherhood Across Two Generations." Journal of Family Issues 30,5 (May 2009): 586-604.
7. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Children's Transition to School
In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 98-121.
Also: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4941.html
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: National Academy Press
Keyword(s): Children, Academic Development; Children, Preschool; Children, School-Age; Health Care; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Mothers, Health; Overview, Child Assessment Data; School Entry/Readiness

Children's readiness for school has been conceptualized as "the capacity to engage actively in the learning process" (Copple et al., 1993) and as "an emerging facility to experience and shape one's environment" (National Task Force on School Readiness, 1991). Whether children arrive on their first day and every day thereafter at their fullest potential depends on factors that predate their birth, including prenatal care and maternal health habits, access to health care and exposure to high-quality care and preschool programs during their preschool years, a warm and stable family, a safe and supportive community, as well as an engaging and responsive school environment (Copple et al., 1993). Thus the transition from preschool to school encompasses the period from gestation through the primary grades. This paper takes as its focus, therefore, children from birth (or during gestation) to about age 12 or 13, the end of the elementary school years. The paper first outlines the basic scientific issues that need to be addressed by those concerned with school readiness and the transition to school. Second, it lists the federal statistical data sources that are currently available and how they address these basic issues. Third, it reviews efforts in the planning stages. Fourth, it addresses gaps in federal data collection efforts, taking into account efforts either under way or planned. A set of approaches to addressing the gaps follows. Finally, the potential role of the National Research Council in integrating and coordinating federal statistical efforts is discussed.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. "Children's Transition to School" In: Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics and Board on Children and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995: pp. 98-121.
8. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Secondary Data Analysis in Family Research
Journal of Marriage and Family 67,4 (November 2005): 891–907.
Also: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00182.x
Cohort(s): NLS General
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Data Analysis; Family Studies

This article first provides an overview of the part that secondary data analysis plays in the field of family studies in the early 21st century. It addresses changes over time in the use of existing omnibus data sets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The second part of the article focuses on the elements that make a study a "family" study. It describes sources of existing data and the process of selecting a data set. The third part presents special issues and concerns in using existing data, and the fourth part addresses the future of secondary data analysis in the field of family research.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. "Secondary Data Analysis in Family Research." Journal of Marriage and Family 67,4 (November 2005): 891–907. A.
9. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Cabrera, Natasha
Forry, Nicole D.
Pleck, Joseph H.
Paternal Residence and Parental Involvement with Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parental Relationship Quality
Working Paper, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, February 2008
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Maryland Population Research Center
Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Child Support; Ethnic Differences; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Racial Differences; Relationship Conflict

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper addresses the association of biological fathers' residence to their involvement and to mothers' involvement with their adolescent children, and the role of parental relationship quality in this association. It uses as its sample 2,161 adolescent children of young women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Children living with their biological fathers report greater father involvement than children whose fathers are nonresidential, but this relationship is fully mediated by the quality of the relationship between the two parents. In addition, biological fathers' nonresidence has a direct positive contextual effect on maternal involvement, but has a stronger indirect negative effect via parental relationship quality. Failing to get along with one's partner has direct associations with both father and mother involvement, as well as mediates the linkage between fathers' nonresidence and the involvement of both parents.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Natasha Cabrera, Nicole D. Forry and Joseph H. Pleck. "Paternal Residence and Parental Involvement with Early Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Parental Relationship Quality." Working Paper, Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, February 2008.
10. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Forry, Nicole D.
Interhousehold Contributions of Nonresidential Fathers to Children
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
Also: http://paa2007.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=70385
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Support; Family Formation; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Financial Assistance; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Parents living in separate residences comprise a major source of interfamilial exchange. A positive relationship and exchanges with a nonresidential father are believed to be important to child development. However, little is known about the extent to which nonresidential fathers are involved in children's daily lives beyond their provision of child support. In this study, a structural equation model was used to evaluate the association between maternal and paternal characteristics and relationship and three aspects of father involvement: paternal accessibility (father-child contact), father-child interaction (relationship quality), and father's responsibility (financial support). The results show that previous circumstances and current context, including years spent together, geographical distance between the child and father, and parents' age and marital status at birth are associated with father involvement. Additionally, amount of contact is linked to father-child relationship quality and to financial support but not to parent relationship quality.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Nicole D. Forry. "Interhousehold Contributions of Nonresidential Fathers to Children." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 29-31, 2007.
11. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Forry, Nicole D.
Peters, H. Elizabeth
Child Support, Father-Child Contact, and Preteens' Involvement with Nonresidential Fathers: Racial/Ethnic Differences
Journal of Family and Economic Issues 31,1 (March 2010): 14-32.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357896
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Keyword(s): Child Support; Ethnic Differences; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Parent-Child Interaction; Racial Differences

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study examined how child support, frequency of contact with children, and the relationship between nonresidential parents influenced preteens' reports of the involvement of fathers and mothers in their life. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) that has followed the children of NLSY mothers from birth into their twenties. Results showed that increases in child support and in contact with the child over time after separation are linked to a better coparental relationship when children are age 11 or 12. This better relationship between parents is, in turn, associated with greater involvement of both mothers and nonresidential fathers with their children.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Nicole D. Forry and H. Elizabeth Peters. "Child Support, Father-Child Contact, and Preteens' Involvement with Nonresidential Fathers: Racial/Ethnic Differences." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 31,1 (March 2010): 14-32.
12. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Does Change in Young Men's Employment Influence Fathering?
Family Relations 59,4 (October 2010): 479-493.
Also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00617.x/abstract
Cohort(s): NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: National Council on Family Relations
Keyword(s): Discipline; Employment; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Involvement; Gender Attitudes/Roles; Marital Satisfaction/Quality; Maternal Employment; Men's Studies; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Punishment, Corporal

This study examined the association between paternal and maternal employment changes and changes in the frequency of fathers praising, showing affection, disciplining, and reading to children. Data were drawn from the Young Adult supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Supporting economic theory, fathers were more involved when they and their partner were employed full time and were less involved when their employment exceeded that of their partner. Although fathers tended to be less involved when they worked less, fathers who held traditional gender role attitudes were more involved than those who held nontraditional gender role attitudes. The results suggest the important part fathers' attitudes and values have in influencing their involvement with children under differing employment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Frances Kobrin Goldscheider. "Does Change in Young Men's Employment Influence Fathering?" Family Relations 59,4 (October 2010): 479-493.
13. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Family Structure and the Transition to Early Parenthood
Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2009.
Also: http://paa2009.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=90760
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Cohabitation; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent-Child Interaction; Parenting Skills/Styles

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper describes how family structure and processes shape the transition to early fatherhood and motherhood among a relatively disadvantaged group of youth. The data come from the linked Child-Mother and Young Adult Samples of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79), which provide information on the children of the women of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood. The results suggest that both females and males growing up with a single parent or in an unstable family transition to parenthood early, particularly nonresidential fatherhood for males. These direct effects are stronger for girls than for boys. For both males and females the effects are strongly mediated by parenting processes and adolescent behaviors, and shaped by economic circumstances. Having experienced nontraditional family structures in childhood, acts to reduce the likelihood that males father their first child within marriage, demonstrating how changes in family structure alter family structure patterns over time and generations.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Frances Kobrin Goldscheider. "Family Structure and the Transition to Early Parenthood." Presented: Detroit, MI, Population Association of America Meetings, May 2009.
14. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin
Family Structure and the Transition to Early Parenthood
Demography 47,2 (May 2010): 415-437.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/d581m75h73683202/
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Fertility; Age at First Birth; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Cohabitation; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Divorce; Educational Attainment; Event History; Family Formation; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parenting Skills/Styles; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

With the rise in out-of-wedlock childbearing and divorce in the last quarter of the twentieth century, an increasing proportion of children have been exposed to a variety of new family forms. Little research has focused on the consequences of childhood family structure for men's transition to fatherhood or on the family processes that account for the effects of family structure on the likelihood that young women and men become first-time unmarried parents, what we now call “fragile families.” The data come from the linked Children and Young Adult samples of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), which provide information on the children of the women of the NLSY79 from birth until they enter young adulthood. Females growing up with a single parent and males experiencing an unstable family transition to parenthood early, particularly to nonresidential fatherhood for males. For males, the effects are strongly mediated by parenting processes and adolescent behaviors and are shaped by economic circumstances. Having experienced multiple transitions as a child is associated with a reduced likelihood that males father their first child within marriage and an increased likelihood that they become fathers within cohabitation, demonstrating how changes in family structure alter family structure patterns over time and generations.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Frances Kobrin Goldscheider. "Family Structure and the Transition to Early Parenthood ." Demography 47,2 (May 2010): 415-437.
15. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Early Childbearing and Later Economic Well-Being
American Sociological Review 44,5 (October 1979): 784-815.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2094528
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: American Sociological Association
Keyword(s): Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Educational Attainment; Family Size; First Birth; Husbands, Influence; Schooling; Simultaneity; Well-Being

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Using data from the NLS of Young Women on a subsample of those women who have borne a child by age 27, we find strong direct effects within a path analytic framework, such that later childbearers complete more education, have smaller families, and work fewer hours at age 27. The relationship with education is recursive among women having a first child by age l8, but simultaneous among later childbearers. Effects of age at first birth on economic well-being at 27 are indirect. Lower education is related to reduced earnings among women and among other household members (usually the husband). Since resources must be divided among more family members, the incidence of poverty is greater. For women who are at least l9 when they have their first birth, the timing of that birth is important to later well-being primarily because of the smaller families and increased work experience to those who postpone their first birth into the twenties. Having an early first birth was found to be less detrimental to the later economic well-being of black women than white women.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Kristin Anderson Moore. "Early Childbearing and Later Economic Well-Being." American Sociological Review 44,5 (October 1979): 784-815.
16. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
The Consequences of Age At First Childbirth: Causal Models
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Child Health; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; Earnings; Fertility; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Schooling; Welfare

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on later poverty was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with young women aged 14 to 24 in l968. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Related analyses document a direct impact of early childbearing on schooling, marriage, and family size, and an indirect impact on employment, earnings, and welfare recipiency, through its effect on education, marriage,and fertility. To explore these indirect effects, causal models were developed and estimated. Results indicate that the impact of an early birth is complicated and differs among different population sub-groups. Early childbearing was associated with greater poverty in both samples.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Kristin Anderson Moore. "The Consequences of Age At First Childbirth: Causal Models." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
17. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Moore, Kristin Anderson
Caldwell, Steven B.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Labor Force Participation and Earnings
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Career Patterns; Childbearing; Earnings; Employment; Family Influences; Fertility; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Teenagers; Work Experience

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on labor force participation and earnings was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in 1976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between 1968 and 1976. A first birth during the teen years does not directly affect whether a woman is working years later, her accumulated work experience, or the occupational status, hours of work, hourly wages, and annual earnings of working women, when other factors are controlled. However, since early childbearing affects schooling and fertility, it has an indirect impact on labor force participation and earnings. For example, teenage childbearers have larger families and consequently accumulate less work experience and earn less per hour net of other factors.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Kristin Anderson Moore and Steven B. Caldwell. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Labor Force Participation and Earnings." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
18. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Pleck, Joseph H.
Vesely, Colleen
The Transmission of Parenting from Fathers to Sons
Parenting: Science and Practice 12,4 (2012): 282-305.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15295192.2012.709153
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ==> Taylor & Francis
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Discipline; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Influence; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Parental Influences; Parenting Skills/Styles; Pearlin Mastery Scale

Permission to reprint the abstract has been denied by the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Joseph H. Pleck and Colleen Vesely. "The Transmission of Parenting from Fathers to Sons." Parenting: Science and Practice 12,4 (2012): 282-305.
19. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior
Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999.
Also: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/bibliography/BrowseKeywordsQ.aspx?ID=5
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Institute for Social Research (ISR), University of Michigan
Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The purpose of this paper...is to examine changes in the consequences of teenage childbearing for children over birth cohorts of young women and historical periods. Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on children's achievements, by whether the first birth occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, or 1990s? Are there differences in the effects of timing of childbearing on the schooling of young women who had a first birth in the late 1970s compared with those who bore a child in the late 1980s? This analysis focuses on examining period differences in the consequences of teen childbearig using two data sets, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). The NLSY has been used extensively to document the consequences of teen childbearing for young women. It, therefore, represents the "gold standard." However, it represents a single birth cohort of young women. The PSID has also been used to look at teen childbearing (Astone & Upchurch, 1994; Hoffman, Foster & Furstenberg, 1993). While it represents a large number of birth cohorts of women, a smaller number of women compromise each cohort. To the extent that these two data sets provide similar pictures of the same cohort, the PSID can then be used to depict period trends in the effects of teen childbearing on children. Thus, the first goal is to compare the effects of a teen birth on children using both data sets. The second goal is to show the trends over time in the effects of teen childbearing on children's achievement. This will be done by examining the effect on children's achievement and behavior of interacting teen childbearing with period, using the PSID.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Children's Achievement and Behavior." Working Paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, September 1999.
20. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49.
Also: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11990638
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

CONTEXT: Compared with children of older women, children of women who had their first birth during their teens have long been believed to be at higher risk for a host of poor health, social and economic outcomes. Recent studies have failed to confirm this belief, but none have taken into account whether children's outcomes or the effects of early childbearing on those outcomes have changed over time. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to separate the influence of changes from the 1960s through the 1990s in children's experiences from the effect of mother's age at first birth. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses controlling for social and demographic characteristics show that among children born to women from a particular birth cohort, those whose mothers first gave birth in their teens have significantly lower scores on a set of four achievement tests and significantly higher scores on a behavior-problem index than do children whose mothers delayed childbearing. However, when changes over time in children's outcomes and in the effect of early childbearing on those outcomes were taken into account, children born to women who began childbearing early score significantly worse than those whose mothers delayed their first birth on the behavior-problem index, but on only one achievement test. CONCLUSIONS: Comparisons by age at first birth among women born in the same period may misestimate the effects of early motherhood. Whether early childbearing's effects on children are overestimated or underestimated depends on whether test scores are rising or falling. Policymakers should be cautious in making decisions based on studies that do not take tune trends in to account.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Lori Lynn Reid. "Early Childbearing and Children's Achievement and Behavior Over Time." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34,1 (January-February 2002): 41-49.
21. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Mott, Frank L.
A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID
Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Fertility; Marital Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper compares estimates from the NLSY and the PSID of the effects of early childbearing on the schooling of different cohorts of young women and in different historical periods. The purpose is, first, to see whether estimates of early childbearing are similar across the two data sets and, second, to see whether the effects of early childbearing on schooling have changed over cohorts or birth periods. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results show, first, that the results are similar for the two data sets. Second, the effects of early childbearing on schooling have declined somewhat in recent historical periods. However, the effects still disadvantage young women, most specifically, because such young women do not attend college.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "A Cohort/Period Comparison of the Effects of the Timing of Childbearing on Schooling, using the NLSY and the PSID." Presented: New York, NY, Population Association of America Annual Meetings, March 1999.
22. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Reid, Lori Lynn
Mott, Frank L.
The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time
Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3030193
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Alan Guttmacher Institute
Keyword(s): Adolescent Fertility; Family Structure; Household Composition; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Mothers, Education; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Context: In recent studies, the effects of teenage childbearing on the schooling of young women have been smaller than those in earlier research. The discrepancy has been attributed to the use in the later studies of controls for unmeasured differences between young women who start childbearing early and those who do not, but could instead reflect changes in the effect of early childbearing over time. Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Market Experience of Youth and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to identify the reasons for this difference. Logistic regression, ordinary least-squares regressions and fixed-effects models examine the impact of early childbearing on rates of high school graduation and college attendance, and number of years of schooling completed through age 29. Results: The two data sets show a significant negative impact of a teenage birth on rates and years of completed schooling. For example, teenage mothers completed 1.9-2.2 fewer years of education than do women who delay their first birth until age 30 or older. Moreover, compared with women who give birth at age 30 or older, teenage mothers have odds of high school completion 10-12% as high and odds of postsecondary schooling 14-29% as high. Unobserved differences between young mothers and their childless peers reduce, but do not eliminate, the effects of early births. Effects on high school completion declined in recent periods because more young women completed high school, regardless of the timing of their first birth. However, the gap between early and later childbearers in postsecondary school attendance widened from 27 to 44 percentage point between the early 1960s and the early 1990s. Conclusions: Given the current importance of a college education, teenage childbearers today are at least as disadvantaged as those of past generations.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L., Lori Lynn Reid and Frank L. Mott. "The Effects of Early Childbearing on Schooling Over Time." Family Planning Perspectives 33, 6 (November-December, 2001): 259-627.
23. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Wissoker, Douglas A.
Price, Quality, and Income in Child Care Choice
Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 70-111.
Also: http://www.jstor.org/stable/145913
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press
Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit

This paper explores the hypothesis that parents consider the price and quality of child care as well as their own resources and needs when they make their child care decisions. Parents are expected to minimize price and maximize quality, controlling for income. Price is measured in terms of predicted expenditures on child care; quality is measured by the ratio of children to staff members. Data come from the 1985 wave of the NLSY. Expenditures for each mode of child care are modeled, correcting for selection, and predicted expenditures are obtained for each of four child care modes (center, sitter, relative, and husband/partner). Using a multinomial logit model, the impacts of price, quality, family income, and family characteristics on choice of each of these forms of child care are examined.
Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Douglas A. Wissoker. "Price, Quality, and Income in Child Care Choice." Journal of Human Resources 27,1 (Winter 1992): 70-111.
24. Hofferth, Sandra L.
Wissoker, Douglas A.
Quality, Price, and Income in Child Care Choice
Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990
Cohort(s): NLSY79
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Child Care; Maternal Employment; Modeling, Logit

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Bibliography Citation
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Douglas A. Wissoker. "Quality, Price, and Income in Child Care Choice." Presented: Toronto, Canada, Population Association of America Meetings, May 1990.
25. Kahn, Joan R.
Kalsbeek, William D.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
National Estimates of Teenage Sexual Activity: Evaluating the Comparability of Three National Surveys
Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 189-204.
Also: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h157407726170kj3/
Cohort(s): NLSY79, Young Women
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Age at First Intercourse; National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG); Sexual Activity; Sexual Behavior; Teenagers

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

In this article, the reliability with which teenage sexual activity was reported in three recent national surveys is examined. Unlike other study-effects analyses of objective demographic phenomena such as births and marriages, the study focuses on a more sensitive question - age at first intercourse as reported in three very different surveys. Specifically, we compare reports for the 1959-1963 cohort in the 1979 Kantner-Zelnik Study of Young Women, the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, and the 1983 wave of the NLSY. For the ages when the majority of teens become sexually active (16-19), the three surveys provide comparable estimates of early sexual activity. For the younger teen ages, however, there is some disagreement among the estimates. Nevertheless, all three studies produce consistent estimates of the determinants of sexual activity throughout the teen years.
Bibliography Citation
Kahn, Joan R., William D. Kalsbeek and Sandra L. Hofferth. "National Estimates of Teenage Sexual Activity: Evaluating the Comparability of Three National Surveys." Demography 25,2 (May 1988): 189-204.
26. La Taillade, Jaslean J.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Wight, Vanessa R.
Consequences of Fatherhood for Young Men’s Relationships with Partners and Parents
Research in Human Development 7,2 (2010): 103-122.
Also: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15427609.2010.481531
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group
Keyword(s): CESD (Depression Scale); Family Process Measures; Family Structure; Fatherhood; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Household Structure; Marital Conflict; Parent-Child Interaction

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This paper examined how the onset and timing of the transition to fatherhood affects the type and quality of young men’s relationships with partners and parents. Data are drawn from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Young Adult Survey and included young men (ages 18–31 years old in 2006) who varied on residential status with their children and timing of fatherhood (N = 1,931). Results indicated the effects of fatherhood varied across types of fathers, with residential fathers more likely to be in a committed but less satisfactory relationship regardless of timing of fatherhood. Nonresidential fathers were more likely to have close relationships with their mothers and fathers, but findings varied by timing of fatherhood and gender of parent. Implications of these findings are framed in terms of young men’s developmental readiness for multiple demands of first-time fatherhood.
Bibliography Citation
La Taillade, Jaslean J., Sandra L. Hofferth and Vanessa R. Wight. "Consequences of Fatherhood for Young Men’s Relationships with Partners and Parents." Research in Human Development 7,2 (2010): 103-122.
27. Lee, Yoonjoo
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Racial Differences in Women's Pathways to Adulthood
Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016
Cohort(s): NLSY97
Publisher: Population Association of America
Keyword(s): Racial Differences; Transition, Adulthood

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

Transition to adulthood has been de-standardized and individualized since the 1970s. Research suggests that young adults’ transition to adulthood takes longer today than in the past but a noticeable subgroup experience rapid transitions to adulthood. To better understand young adults’ movement into adulthood, we focus on the variation in the life course patterns based on racial differences. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (N=464), we will follow Black females and White females from age 18 to age 30 to identify their transition to adulthood and examine its racial differences. Given that such transitions are influenced by childhood and adolescent precursors, we will also investigate the set of advantages or disadvantages earlier in life that influence young adults’ transition to adulthood.
Bibliography Citation
Lee, Yoonjoo and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Racial Differences in Women's Pathways to Adulthood." Presented: Washington DC, Population Association of America Annual Meeting, March-April 2016.
28. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Caldwell, Steven B.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Waite, Linda J.
The Consequences of Early Childbearing: An Analysis of Selected Parental Outcomes Using Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (Parnes)
Working Paper No. 0999-01, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1977.
Also: http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb1214129
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Children; Dropouts; Family Size; Fertility; First Birth; Marital Status; Peers/Peer influence/Peer relations; Schooling; Teenagers

Strong differences have been documented between early and late childbearers in education and family size which appear to have enduring consequences for household income and family wellbeing. Young women who bore their first child while l5 or younger completed about 1.9 fewer years of school by age 24 than did their peers who delayed motherhood until 18, and 2.8 fewer years than those waiting until at least age 24 to have their first child. Women having a first birth at age 15 or less had 1.3 more children by age 24 than women having a first birth at ages 21 to 23; women having a first birth at 16 or 17 had 1.0 more children; while women with a first birth at age 18 had 0.6 more children. The relative sizes of these consequences at ages 24 and 27 were estimated using a path analytic model. In a separate analysis of the same data set, the probability of such critical life events as dropping out of school or the labor force in any year was found to be greater if a first birth occurs in that year and if the woman was married or marries in that year. The evidence suggests that early childbearers will not catch up with later childbearers by returning to school; however, their labor force participation does eventually equal that of later childbearers. These results were obtained in a multivariate model in which factors such as region of residence, familial socio-economic background, race, and cohort were controlled.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Steven B. Caldwell, Sandra L. Hofferth and Linda J. Waite. "The Consequences of Early Childbearing: An Analysis of Selected Parental Outcomes Using Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (Parnes)." Working Paper No. 0999-01, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1977.
29. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Factors Affecting Early Family Formation: A Path Model
Population and Environment 3,1 (Spring 1980): 73-98
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Plenum Publishing Corporation
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing; Educational Attainment; Family Structure; First Birth; Marriage; Parental Influences

This study uses a path model to examine the factors that determine age at initiation of childbearing. Family orientation was found to have a significant effect on the age at which a woman begins a family. Age at first marriage, educational attainment, and age at family formation are strongly interdependent; however, the process seems to vary by race.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Factors Affecting Early Family Formation: A Path Model." Population and Environment 3,1 (Spring 1980): 73-98.
30. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Family Size
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Age at First Marriage; Children; Earnings; Fertility; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Schooling; Teenagers

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on family size was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with the Young Women's cohort of the NLS. Information on women age 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Analyses on both data sets provide strong support for an association between an early first birth and higher subsequent fertility. Among PSID women aged 35 to 52, mothers whose first child was born when they were 17 or younger bore an average of more than five children each, approximately three children more per mother compared to women who delayed their first birth to age 24 or later. Age at first birth is found to have a far greater impact on fertility than age at first marriage.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Family Size." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
31. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Female Headed Families and Welfare Recipiency
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; Children; Earnings; Employment; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Teenagers; Welfare

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on female-headed families and welfare recipiency was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with the Young Women's cohort of the NLS. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Teenage childbearing per se does not appear to be related to subsequent female headship, although a premarital first birth and a teenage marriage do predict to later being a female household head. The strong association between early childbearing and receipt of welfare disappears when controls for education, family size, labor force participation, age at marriage and race are included.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Female Headed Families and Welfare Recipiency." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
32. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Final Research Summary
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Children; Fertility; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Schooling; Teenagers

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on her subsequent social and economic status was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with the Young Women's cohort of the NLS. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Analyses indicate that an early first birth reduces the amount of schooling a young woman is able to complete, even net of family background, motivation, and age at marriage, particularly among white and high school age mothers. Teenage mothers also have substantially larger families, net of controls. An early birth does not increase marital dissolution, except indirectly by precipitating teenage marriages. The variables in turn affect earnings, income and the probability of poverty.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Final Research Summary." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
33. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Caldwell, Steven B.
Waite, Linda J.
Teenage Motherhood: Social and Economic Consequences
Working Paper URI 243000, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1979
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: Urban Institute
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Educational Attainment; Family Resources; Fertility; First Birth; Marriage; Occupational Status; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Schooling; Teenagers

This report focuses on the effects of early childbearing on the later social and economic status of the mother and her family; specifically, on education, family size, marriage and marital instability, participation in the labor force and earnings, welfare receipt, and poverty. Each of these outcomes has been studied separately. In addition, the interrelationships between these outcomes have been studied within causal models. These models explore the indirect as well as the direct effects of a woman's age at first childbirth.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Sandra L. Hofferth, Steven B. Caldwell and Linda J. Waite. "Teenage Motherhood: Social and Economic Consequences." Working Paper URI 243000, The Urban Institute, Washington DC, 1979.
34. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Caldwell, Steven B.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Educational Attainment
The Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Children; Earnings; Educational Attainment; Family Influences; Fertility; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marriage; Schooling

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on the amount of schooling she completes was assessed using two national, longitudinal data sets. National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with young women aged 14 to 24 in l968. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. Results from analyses on both data sets indicate that early childbearing is associated with significant educational losses, even when the impact of family background, educational goals, and age at marriage are statistically controlled. There is some evidence that older women catch up slightly; but in no instance did even half of the women who became mothers at 17 or younger manage to complete high school. Losses appear to be particularly great for white teenage mothers and for young women who marry as teenagers.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Linda J. Waite, Steven B. Caldwell and Sandra L. Hofferth. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Educational Attainment." The Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
35. Moore, Kristin Anderson
Waite, Linda J.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Caldwell, Steven B.
The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Marriage, Separation and Divorce
Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978
Cohort(s): Young Women
Publisher: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Childbearing, Adolescent; Children; First Birth; Income Dynamics/Shocks; Marital Dissolution; Marriage; Teenagers

The impact of a woman's age at the birth of her first child on marriage, separation and divorce was assessed using two national longitudinal data sets. Analyses are based on annual interviews conducted between l968 and l972 with the Young Women's cohort of the NLS. Information on women aged 22 to 52 in l976, both wives and female heads, was obtained from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) interviews, which were conducted between l968 and l976. A link between early pregnancy and early marriage was confirmed. An issue of greater debate-the associations among early childbearing, early marriage, and subsequent marital dissolution, was explored in varied ways. Analyses indicate that early marriage, rather than an early birth, increases the probability of subsequent marital break- up. Early childbearing does contribute to marital break-up indirectly, however, since pregnancy is a factor that precipitates many teenage marriages.
Bibliography Citation
Moore, Kristin Anderson, Linda J. Waite, Sandra L. Hofferth and Steven B. Caldwell. "The Consequences of Age at First Childbirth: Marriage, Separation and Divorce." Final Report, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1978.
36. Phillips, Deborah A.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Rosenthal, Saul
Children of the NLSY Go to Child Care
Working Paper, Charlottesville NC: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Department of Psychology , University of Virginia
Keyword(s): Child Care; Infants; Maternal Employment

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

As non-maternal child care has become an increasingly normative experience for American children, empirical questions about child care have expanded to encompass a broad of array of outcomes, moderating variables, populations, and patterns of reliance on care. The Children of the National Longitudinal Study database offers the opportunity to examine many of these contemporary questions that are not easily addressed in the single-site, small scale, nonrepresentative samples to which developmentalists are typically restricted. This article reviews a range of child care issues that are amenable to analysis with the Children of the NLSY dataset. Several strengths and limitations of the dataset are discussed. Descriptive data concerning families' child care use in 1986, patterns of reliance on infant day care, and expenditures on child care are presented. Additional methodological, policy, and theoretical issues that can be addressed with the Children of the NLSY dataset are a lso described.
Bibliography Citation
Phillips, Deborah A., Sandra L. Hofferth and Saul Rosenthal. "Children of the NLSY Go to Child Care." Working Paper, Charlottesville NC: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 1990.
37. Pleck, Joseph H.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Mother Involvement as an Influence on Father Involvement with Early Adolescents
Fathering 6,3 (Fall 2008): 267-286
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79
Publisher: Men's Studies Press
Keyword(s): Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Fathers, Biological; Fathers, Involvement; Fathers, Presence; Marital Conflict; Maternal Employment; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Stepfamilies

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study hypothesized that father involvement is influenced by mothers' level of involvement as well as by marital conflict, mothers' work hours, and fathers' status as biological or step father. The analysis also tested hypotheses about mother involvement as a potential mediator of the effects of marital conflict and maternal work hours on father involvement, and hypotheses about factors influencing mother involvement. Children aged 10-14 from the NLSY79 who resided with their biological or step father and with their mother reported on each parent's involvement with them. As hypothesized, father involvement was predicted by mother involvement, and the reciprocal influence was not significant. Father involvement was associated with low marital conflict and being a biological father. Mothers' involvement partially mediated the effects of marital conflict on father involvement. If the mediating role of maternal involvement is not taken into account, the effect of marital conflict on father involvement is overestimated.
Bibliography Citation
Pleck, Joseph H. and Sandra L. Hofferth. "Mother Involvement as an Influence on Father Involvement with Early Adolescents." Fathering 6,3 (Fall 2008): 267-286.
38. Pleck, Joseph H.
Hofferth, Sandra L.
Vesely, Colleen
Cabrera, Natasha
The Transmission of Fathering from Fathers and Mothers to Sons
Presented: Toronto, ON, Father Involvement Research Conference, October 2008.
Also: http://www.fira.ca/cms/documents/147/Transmission_of_fathering_etc-pleck.ppt
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Father Involvement Research Alliance
Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Discipline; Fathers, Involvement; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

While most attention in the media and in work-life scholarship has focused on the challenges and opportunities of working mothers, a shift to understanding fathers experiences is needed. As dual career couples become the norm (women in the US now out-earn their spouse in nearly one out of four couples) and men express greater desire to share caring responsibilities, the time seems right to address this under-researched group. What we seek to understand is how men experience fatherhood with respect to its impact on their identity and self-image. In this study, we explore the ways fathers define themselves in the context of being a working parent. We also look at the how the degree of child involvement, as well as other external factors both inside and outside their work environment, influence and shape their identity. Finally, we address how the formation of a working father identity influences career attitudes, behaviors and intentions. We will share the results of a pilot study we are conducting with relatively new fathers and follow with a discussion of the practical and scholarly implications of our findings. We will also consider ways that fathers can be assisted as they go through this change process in their own lives and discuss what can be done to help them re-define and better understand what constitutes professional and personal success.
Bibliography Citation
Pleck, Joseph H., Sandra L. Hofferth, Colleen Vesely and Natasha Cabrera. "The Transmission of Fathering from Fathers and Mothers to Sons." Presented: Toronto, ON, Father Involvement Research Conference, October 2008.