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Source: Children and Youth Services Review

Resulting in 30 citations.

1.	Berger, Lawrence Marc
1.	Children Living Out-Of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics Children and Youth Services Review 28,2 (February 2006): 158-179. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740905000824 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Residence; Family Structure; Foster Care; Geocoded Data; Household Composition; Income; Parents, Single; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Residence; Welfare This paper uses data from the NLSY to estimate the effects of income, family structure, and public policies on the probability that a mother has children living in various out-of-home settings. Results suggest that lower-income mothers and those living in single-parent and mother–partner families are more likely to have children living out-of-home in a given year than are mothers in higher-income and mother–father families. Higher welfare benefits are associated with decreased probabilities that children are living in service settings, but increased probabilities that they are living with relatives. Higher foster care payments are associated with increased service setting placements. NOTE: This analysis uses the Geocode data.
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Children Living Out-Of-Home: Effects of Family and Environmental Characteristics ." Children and Youth Services Review 28,2 (February 2006): 158-179.

2.	Berger, Lawrence Marc
2.	Income, Family Structure, and Child Maltreatment Risk Children and Youth Services Review 26,8 (August 2004): 725-799. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740904000465 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Health; Children, Health Care; Children, Well-Being; Family Structure; Home Environment; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Income; Parents, Single; Punishment, Corporal; Unemployment; Welfare This paper uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the effects of income, family structure, and public policies on several indicators of child maltreatment. Results suggest that income and family structure affect a family's overall risk of child maltreatment, and that these factors differentially affect various outcome measures. In particular, income impacts routine medical and dental care, the quality of the caregiving environment, and to a lesser extent, spanking behaviors. Single-parent families and families with a biological mother and non-biological father figure tend to have lower quality caregiving environments than mother-father families, and single-mother families with working mothers are at even greater risk of poor caregiving. Finally, this analysis provides some tentative evidence that higher welfare benefits and lower unemployment rates may serve as protective factors for children. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Lawrence Marc. "Income, Family Structure, and Child Maltreatment Risk." Children and Youth Services Review 26,8 (August 2004): 725-799.

3.	Berger, Lawrence Marc Cancian, Maria Meyer, Daniel R.
3.	Maternal Re-Partnering and New-Partner Fertility: Associations with Nonresident Father Investments in Children Children and Youth Services Review 34,2 (February 2012): 426-436. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740911004245 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Child Support; Childhood Residence; Fathers and Children; Fathers, Absence; Fathers, Presence; Marital Stability; Parental Investments; Parental Marital Status; Parents, Non-Custodial; Remarriage Research suggests that paternal re-partnering and new-partner fertility are associated with decreased nonresident father investments in children. Few studies, however, have examined the influence of maternal re-partnering and new-partner births on nonresident father investments. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine associations of maternal re-partnering (through cohabitation or marriage with a new partner) and new-partner births with nonresident father visitation and child support payments. Results suggest that maternal re-partnering is associated with a decrease in both yearly father-child contact and child support received by the mother. New-partner fertility for mothers who are co-residing with a partner is associated with an additional decrease in monthly father-child contact, but does not have an additional influence on yearly father-child contact or child support receipt.
	Bibliography Citation Berger, Lawrence Marc, Maria Cancian and Daniel R. Meyer. "Maternal Re-Partnering and New-Partner Fertility: Associations with Nonresident Father Investments in Children." Children and Youth Services Review 34,2 (February 2012): 426-436.

4.	Berzin, Stephanie Cosner
4.	Vulnerability in the Transition to Adulthood: Defining Risk Based on Youth Profiles Children and Youth Services Review 32,4 (April 2010): 487-495. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740909003119 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Delinquency/Gang Activity; Dropouts; Educational Status; Gender Differences; Home Environment; Modeling, Logit; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Racial Differences; Resilience/Developmental Assets; Risk-Taking; Transition, Adulthood In spite of an extended transition to adulthood for many segments of the population, many youth still struggle considerably with transition outcomes. With data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N =8984), this study uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of youth development in emerging adulthood based on education level and social outcomes. These classes are used to identify risk and protective factors for class membership. Four profiles of youth were identified with two groups showing positive outcomes and two groups struggling considerably. Bivariate and cumulative logit analysis shows that demographic characteristics, childhood home environment, and psychosocial resources predict class membership. Involvement in youth-serving government systems is associated with poorer outcomes and remains salient when considered with other risk factors. The emergence of this new developmental stage requires a reexamination of vulnerability and how we understand risk and resiliency during this period. [Copyright Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Berzin, Stephanie Cosner. "Vulnerability in the Transition to Adulthood: Defining Risk Based on Youth Profiles." Children and Youth Services Review 32,4 (April 2010): 487-495.

5.	Berzin, Stephanie Cosner Rhodes, Alison M. Curtis, Marah A.
5.	Housing Experiences of Former Foster Youth: How Do They Fare in Comparison to Other Youth? Children and Youth Services Review 33,11 (November 2011): 2119-2126. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740911002325 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Foster Care; Public Housing; Transition, Adulthood Research indicates that foster youth tend to fare poorly in a number of domains in the transition to adulthood, and the shift to independent living may be particularly challenging. However, it is unclear whether negative housing outcomes are attributable to foster care history or if they are due to other risk factors. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to compare housing outcomes for foster youth to a matched sample of youth who share similar risk factors and to an unmatched sample. Results indicate that foster youth struggle more in the transition to independent living in comparison to both groups, showing higher rates of homelessness, less housing stability, poorer neighborhood quality, and more reliance on public housing assistance. The paper explores how factors related to foster care and confounding risk factors that tend to have higher prevalence among foster youth may contribute to these outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Berzin, Stephanie Cosner, Alison M. Rhodes and Marah A. Curtis. "Housing Experiences of Former Foster Youth: How Do They Fare in Comparison to Other Youth?" Children and Youth Services Review 33,11 (November 2011): 2119-2126.

6.	Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner, Karen N.
6.	Preventing Youthful Disconnectedness Children and Youth Services Review 20,9-10 (November-December 1998): 797-818. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740998000450 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Disconnected Youth; Educational Attainment; Family Income; Fertility; Marital Status; Occupational Status; Psychological Effects; Sociability/Socialization/Social Interaction; Social Roles; Work History Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article examined the characteristics (and later life histories) of youths who, during the 1980s, were "disconnected" from mainstream society, that is, they were not enrolled in school, not gainfully employed, not in the military, and not married to someone who was "connected" in one of these ways. The study followed 4,000 youths from 1979, when they were 14, 15, and 16 years old, through 1991, when they were in their mid-to-late 20s. Results show that 1 in 3 youths was disconnected for at least half of a calendar year. As adults, youths who were disconnected for a short time (in only 1 or 2 years) did not differ substantially from those who were never disconnected in terms of educational attainment, work history, family income, reliance on government programs, and marital status. However, those who were disconnected in 3 or more years experienced significantly greater hardships. This article suggests that school-related interventions (such as career-oriented education, after-school "safe havens," and targeting individual deficits) might help prevent youthful disconnectedness. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)
	Bibliography Citation Besharov, Douglas J. and Karen N. Gardiner. "Preventing Youthful Disconnectedness." Children and Youth Services Review 20,9-10 (November-December 1998): 797-818.

7.	Glassner, Steven D.
7.	Bullying Victimization and Delinquent Involvement: An Application of General Strain Theory Children and Youth Services Review 116 (September 2020): 105099. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740920303133 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Bullying/Victimization; Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); General Strain Theory; Health, Mental/Psychological Bullying victimization is linked to numerous undesirable outcomes which are likely to affect victims over the life course. The current study incorporates data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997) and draws from Agnew's General Strain Theory to estimate the effects of bullying victimization on depressive symptoms and delinquency. Results suggest repeated bullying victimization increases depressive symptoms in adolescence for both males and females (ages 12-16). The results also indicate that it is problematic to assess delinquent outcomes for bullying victimization independent of mediating mental health factors, namely depressive symptoms. Additionally, depressive symptoms mediate the bullying victimization and delinquent relationship for females but not males. A discussion pertaining to relevant policy implications and future research investigating the delinquent outcomes of bullying victimization is provided.
	Bibliography Citation Glassner, Steven D. "Bullying Victimization and Delinquent Involvement: An Application of General Strain Theory." Children and Youth Services Review 116 (September 2020): 105099.

8.	Gottlieb, Aaron
8.	Household Incarceration in Early Adolescence and Risk of Premarital First Birth Children and Youth Services Review 61 (February 2016): 126-134. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915301353 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childbearing, Premarital/Nonmarital; First Birth; Household Influences; Incarceration/Jail In the second half of the 20th century, the United States experienced a massive increase in incarceration. In response to this growth, a burgeoning scholarship has sought to explore the collateral consequences of incarceration for young children. However, this scholarship has less frequently explored the impact of incarceration on long-term outcomes, how incarceration experienced in periods other than early childhood impacts children, and whether the incarceration of family members other than parents has negative implications for children. Using data from the children of the mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I explore whether household incarceration experienced in early adolescence is associated with a child's risk of growing up to have a premarital first birth. The results suggest that, even after including a rich set of covariates, children who experience household incarceration in early adolescence are at greater risk of having a premarital first birth, particularly when the father or an external household member is incarcerated.
	Bibliography Citation Gottlieb, Aaron. "Household Incarceration in Early Adolescence and Risk of Premarital First Birth." Children and Youth Services Review 61 (February 2016): 126-134.

9.	Han, Wen-Jui Waldfogel, Jane
9.	Parental Work Schedules, Family Process, and Early Adolescents' Risky Behavior Children and Youth Services Review 29, 9 (September 2007): 1249-1266. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740907001181 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Depression (see also CESD); Home Environment; Parent Supervision/Monitoring; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Parents, Single; Risk-Taking; Shift Workers; Substance Use; Work Hours/Schedule; Work, Atypical Using data on a large contemporary sample of 10 to 14 year olds from the NLSY-CS, this paper examines whether mothers' and fathers' work schedules are associated with parental monitoring and adolescent–parent closeness, and with adolescents' substance use and delinquency. Regression results for two-parent families indicate that parental nonstandard work schedules have mixed associations with family process, tending to improve monitoring but also having some deleterious effects on reported closeness. Regression results for single-mother families also show mixed effects. These results provide support for the hypothesis that nonstandard work schedules have offsetting effects on family process. Consistent with this hypothesis, in analyses for both two-parent and single-parent families, there are few significant associations between parents' work schedules and adolescents' risky behavior. These findings suggest that parental nonstandard work schedules have mainly neutral effects on early adolescents' risky behavior, because although they may reduce closeness, they also tend to improve monitoring. However, the results also raise a red flag about single mothers working rotating shifts, which we find is associated with an elevated likelihood that children have engaged in all three types of delinquent behavior.
	Bibliography Citation Han, Wen-Jui and Jane Waldfogel. "Parental Work Schedules, Family Process, and Early Adolescents' Risky Behavior ." Children and Youth Services Review 29, 9 (September 2007): 1249-1266.

10.	Kim, Youngmi Sherraden, Michael
10.	Do Parental Assets Matter for Children's Educational Attainment?: Evidence from Mediation Tests Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 969-979. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740911000144 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Educational Outcomes; Family Income; Family Resources; High School Completion/Graduates; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (see Self-Esteem); School Quality; Self-Esteem This study investigates (1) the effects of parental assets on children's educational attainment from high school completion to college degree attainment, and (2) mediating roles played by parental involvement, child's educational expectations, and child's self-esteem. The study sample (N = 632) is drawn from the Child and Young Adult data supplement to the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979. Results indicate that parental assets are associated with children's later educational attainment. Financial assets and home-ownership are significantly associated with high school completion and college attendance. In addition, family income becomes non-significant when specific measures of assets and liabilities are taken into account. Non-financial assets and income are significant predictors of college degree attainment. Children's educational expectations mediate the effect of financial assets on high school completion. Empirical evidence provides support for asset-building programs and policies designed to promote long-term educational attainment.
	Bibliography Citation Kim, Youngmi and Michael Sherraden. "Do Parental Assets Matter for Children's Educational Attainment?: Evidence from Mediation Tests." Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 969-979.

11.	Korenman, Sanders D. Miller, Jane E. Sjaastad, John E.
11.	Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Children and Youth Services Review 17,1/2 (1995): 127-155. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019074099500006X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Age at First Birth; Alcohol Use; Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birthweight; Child Development; Child Health; Children, Home Environment; Cigarette Use (see Smoking); Digit Span (also see Memory for Digit Span - WISC); Family Structure; Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Marital Status; Memory for Digit Span (WISC) - also see Digit Span; Mothers, Behavior; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT); Poverty; Pre/post Natal Behavior; Verbal Memory (McCarthy Scale) Korenman, Miller, and Sjaastad found that the differences in the abilities of the poor and nonpoor children were not due to differences in the education of the children's mothers, the structure of the children's families (e.g., number of siblings), or whether a child's mother smoked or drank during pregnancy; nor were they explained by the health of the child in infancy or the age of the children's mothers when they first gave birth. The amount of emotional support and cognitive stimulation in a child's home, however, had a major impact on his or her development. The home environment accounted for one-third to one-half of the developmental disadvantage of chronically poor children (children from families whose income-to-needs ratio was below 1.0 over a thirteen-year period). Data used are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which tested children on such things as short-term memory, vocabulary, mathematics, reading comprehension, and word recognition. Sample sizes ranged from 1939 children to 3826 children, depending on the test. The children were tested during their pre-teenage years; most tests were given to children when they were younger than ten years.
	Bibliography Citation Korenman, Sanders D., Jane E. Miller and John E. Sjaastad. "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY." Children and Youth Services Review 17,1/2 (1995): 127-155.

12.	Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon Heflin, Colleen M.
12.	Unemployment Insurance Effects on Child Academic Outcomes: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children and Youth Services Review 47,3 (December 2014): 246-252. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914003430 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME); Modeling, Fixed Effects; Modeling, Instrumental Variables; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Unemployment Insurance Despite evidence linking parental unemployment spells and negative child outcomes, there is very little research that explores how participation in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) Program could buffer these effects. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79) and Children of the NLSY79 data, we estimate a series of fixed effects and instrumental variables models to estimate the relationship between UI participation and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (math and reading comprehension). Once we control for the non-random selection process into UI participation, our results suggest a positive relationship between UI participation and PIAT math scores. None of the models suggests a negative influence of UI participation on child outcomes.
	Bibliography Citation Kukla-Acevedo, Sharon and Colleen M. Heflin. "Unemployment Insurance Effects on Child Academic Outcomes: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." Children and Youth Services Review 47,3 (December 2014): 246-252.

13.

Lee, Jaewon
Allen, Jennifer

Inequality in the Intergenerational Economic Mobility in Single Mother-headed Households
Children and Youth Services Review 139 (August 2022): 106566.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019074092200202X
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Educational Attainment; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; Parents, Single; Poverty

Objective: This study examines the underlying pathway of intergenerational economic mobility within single mother-headed families by considering the mediating role of young adult children's educational attainment.

Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were used to pair data from single mothers and their young adult children. A total of 3,139 single mother and young adult children pairs were chosen for analysis. Ordinary least squares and logistic regression analysis were employed to examine the mediation model.

Results: Single mothers' poverty status was negatively associated with both their young adult children's educational attainment and income. The young adult children's educational attainment was positively related to their income. Results showed a full mediation of the relationship between single mothers' poverty status and their young adult children's income via their young adult children's educational attainment.

Bibliography Citation

Lee, Jaewon and Jennifer Allen. "Inequality in the Intergenerational Economic Mobility in Single Mother-headed Households." Children and Youth Services Review 139 (August 2022): 106566.

14.

Lee, Jaewon
Seon, Jisuk

Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Poverty to Self-esteem among Young Adult Children: The Role of Employment
Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104492.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919306218
Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Employment; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Labor Force Participation; Mothers, Income; Poverty; Self-Esteem

Objectives: This study explores the underlying pathways of the intergenerational relationship linking parents' poverty, children's self-esteem and employment among young adults.

Methods: This study used two data sets from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 9584 dyads was used for the final sample. The mediation model suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986) was used to examine.

Results: Young adult children whose mother is in poverty are less likely to be employed compared to their counterparts with a mother not in poverty. Maternal poverty is significantly associated with young adult children's self-esteem. Young adult children's employment is statistically related to their self-esteem. Young adult children's employment status mediated the relationship between maternal poverty and young adult children's self-esteem.

Bibliography Citation

Lee, Jaewon and Jisuk Seon. "Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Poverty to Self-esteem among Young Adult Children: The Role of Employment." Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104492.

15.	Lee, Kyunghee
15.	Do Early Academic Achievement and Behavior Problems Predict Long-Term Effects Among Head Start Children? Children and Youth Services Review 32,12 (December 2010): 1690-1703. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740910002136 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Academic Development; Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Academic Development; Head Start; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) This study examines the effects of Head Start children's early achievement and behavioral scores on their long-term developmental outcomes. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, a sample of 603 children was selected who had participated in Head Start from 1988 to 1994 and had longitudinal outcomes measured. Head Start children's reading, math, and behavioral scores, as measured at ages 5–6, were examined to determine whether these early scores affected outcomes measured at ages 11–12. Not surprisingly, there was a strong relationship between children's early and later educational and behavioral scores. Maternal education moderated these associations for reading and on behavioral outcomes. Associations between short-term and longer-term achievement and behavioral outcomes were less significant for children whose mothers had less education than for children whose mothers had more education. As expected, children's reading, math, and behavioral outcomes at ages 5–6 were inter-correlated, as were those measured at ages 11–12.
	Bibliography Citation Lee, Kyunghee. "Do Early Academic Achievement and Behavior Problems Predict Long-Term Effects Among Head Start Children?" Children and Youth Services Review 32,12 (December 2010): 1690-1703.

16.	Lindner, Abigail R. Hanlon, Ryan
16.	Outcomes of Youth with Foster Care Experiences Based on Permanency Outcome – Adoption, Aging out, Long-term Foster Care, and Reunification: A Systematic Review Children and Youth Services Review 156 (January 2024): 107366. Also: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107366 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adoption; Child Development; Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Children, Academic Development; Children, Behavioral Development; Children, Home Environment; Children, Mental Health; Children, Well-Being; Crime; Economic Well-Being; Education; Educational Outcomes; Foster Care; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Substance Use; Youth Studies This study followed PRISMA guidelines to conduct a systematic review of literature published from 2002 to 2022 to assess the differences in outcomes of children and youth who were adopted out of foster care compared to children and youth in foster care (CYFC) who were in other permanency placements (reunified, aged out, long-term foster care). The search was carried out from May 27, 2022 through June 11, 2022 using Google Scholar, ProQuest, PubMed Central, SagePub, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The review yielded twelve (N = 12) studies from Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Due to the heterogeneity of quantitative metrics across the outcome domains, a narrative synthesis of the results was undertaken. Findings were varied but not contradictory on the educational, economic, housing, health, criminality, and substance use outcomes of CYFC who are and are not adopted. Funding for the systematic review was provided by a grant from the Gift of Adoption Fund.
	Bibliography Citation Lindner, Abigail R. and Ryan Hanlon. "Outcomes of Youth with Foster Care Experiences Based on Permanency Outcome – Adoption, Aging out, Long-term Foster Care, and Reunification: A Systematic Review." Children and Youth Services Review 156 (January 2024): 107366.

17.	Martin, Anne Gardner, Margo Petitclerc, Amelie
17.	Low-income Mothers' Entry into Postsecondary Education during Middle Childhood: Effects on Adolescents Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104470. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919304670 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adolescent Behavior; Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Delinquency/Gang Activity; Education, Adult; Income Level; Mothers, Education; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading); Socioeconomic Status (SES); Substance Use This study tests whether young adolescents' achievement and behavior are associated with their mother's entry into post-secondary education (PSE) during their middle childhood years. It also examines five family processes that may link maternal PSE to development in middle childhood (income, home learning environment, mother's educational expectations for child, maternal presence, and family affective climate). The sample selects low-income families from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth of 1979. Propensity score weighting adjusts for mothers' self-selection into PSE. We find that adolescents whose mothers entered PSE in their middle childhood scored higher than their peers on math, but similarly on reading, behavior problems, delinquency, and substance use. There were no associations between mothers' PSE entry and the proposed mediators.
	Bibliography Citation Martin, Anne, Margo Gardner and Amelie Petitclerc. "Low-income Mothers' Entry into Postsecondary Education during Middle Childhood: Effects on Adolescents." Children and Youth Services Review 106 (November 2019): 104470.

18.	Nam, Jaehyun
18.	Government Spending During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States Children and Youth Services Review 100 (May 2019): 332-343. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918310491 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Geocoded Data; Income; Intergenerational Patterns/Transmission; Mobility, Economic; State-Level Data/Policy; Welfare This study examines the effects of government spending during childhood on the association between income inequality and intergenerational income mobility. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data with state-level measures of income inequality and per-capita total government spending that includes federal, state and local expenditures on education, public welfare, and health care. The 4824 parents-children pairs are used for the analysis. This study provides evidence that additional government spending contributes to promoting intergenerational income mobility. Moreover, government spending moderates the effects of income inequality on intergenerational income mobility. This evidence indicates that government spending plays a role in preventing the decrease in intergenerational income mobility by offsetting the consequences of income inequality.
	Bibliography Citation Nam, Jaehyun. "Government Spending During Childhood and Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States." Children and Youth Services Review 100 (May 2019): 332-343.

19.

Ports, Katie A.
Tang, Shichao
Treves-Kagan, Sarah
Rostad, Whitney L.

Breaking the Cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic Position Moderates the Relationship Between Mother and Child ACE Scores among Black and Hispanic Families
Children and Youth Services Review published online (19 May 2021): 106067.
Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740921001468
Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79
Publisher: Elsevier
Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Ethnic Differences; Family Income; Racial Differences; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Wealth

Objective: To determine whether economic position moderates the association between mother's ACE score and child's ACE score and whether these pathways differ by race and ethnicity.

Design: Conducted regression and moderation analysis using mother-child dyadic data from panel surveys, stratified by race. The simple slopes for the interactions were probed to determine the magnitude and significance of the interaction.

Setting: Secondary data analysis utilizing data from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys: 1) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and 2) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults.

Participants: The sample included 6,261 children and 2,967 matched mothers.

Results: Mother's ACE score was positively associated with her child's ACE score. Economic position was a significant moderator for Black families. Higher wages and net family wealth during children's first five years were associated with weakened associations between mother and child ACEs for Black families. For Hispanic families, higher wages and salary were significantly associated with weakened associations. Among White families, higher net family wealth was associated with stronger ACEs transmission.

Bibliography Citation

Ports, Katie A., Shichao Tang, Sarah Treves-Kagan and Whitney L. Rostad. "Breaking the Cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic Position Moderates the Relationship Between Mother and Child ACE Scores among Black and Hispanic Families." Children and Youth Services Review published online (19 May 2021): 106067.

20.	Romich, Jennifer L.
20.	Trying to Keep Children Out of Trouble: Child Characteristics, Neighborhood Quality, and Within-Household Resource Allocation Children and Youth Services Review 31,3 (March 2009): 338-345. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740908002089 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Armed Forces Qualifications Test (AFQT); Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Birth Order; Child Growth; Child Self-Administered Supplement (CSAS); Family Characteristics; Family Structure; Geocoded Data; Geographical Variation; Household Income; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Neighborhood Effects; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent-Child Relationship/Closeness; Risk-Taking; Siblings Prior ethnographic evidence suggests that parents combat neighborhood dangers through spending time with and money on children perceived to be at risk. This paper summarizes a secondary data investigation of whether interactions between neighborhood quality and child characteristics predict patterns of intra-household resource allocation. Using a sample of N =1879 12- and 13-year-olds from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that in neighborhoods with greater numbers of problems, parents spend more time and money with firstborn children and children who are particularly short or impulsive relative to how parents treat such children in lower problem neighborhoods. Comparisons of cross-sectional and sibling fixed-effect models suggest the shortness and firstborn effects are not due to unobserved family characteristics. These results lend modest support to the assertion that parents systematically try to use within-family resources to protect certain children from threats posed by neighborhoods with high levels of crime or low levels of social cohesiveness. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Romich, Jennifer L. "Trying to Keep Children Out of Trouble: Child Characteristics, Neighborhood Quality, and Within-Household Resource Allocation." Children and Youth Services Review 31,3 (March 2009): 338-345.

21.	Rostad, Whitney L. Klevens, Joanne Ports, Katie A. Ford, Derek C.
21.	Impact of the United States Federal Child Tax Credit on Childhood Injuries and Behavior Problems Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104718. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919308047 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Behavior Problems Index (BPI); Children, Well-Being; Geocoded Data; Injuries; Modeling, Fixed Effects; Poverty; Program Participation/Evaluation; State-Level Data/Policy; Taxes Children who grow up in poverty are at risk for various poor outcomes. Socioeconomic policies can shape the conditions in which families are raising children and may be effective at reducing financial strain and helping families obtain economic sufficiency, thereby reducing risk for poor health outcomes. This study used data from two surveys conducted in the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult survey to determine whether the U.S. Federal Child Tax Credit (CTC), a socioeconomic policy that provides tax relief to low- and middle-income families to offset the costs of raising children, is associated with child well-being, as indicated by whether the child had injuries requiring medical attention and behavioral problems. Fixed-effects models, accounting for year and state of residence, detected a lower likelihood of injuries requiring medical attention (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.40, 0.86]) and significantly fewer behavior problems (b= -2.07, 95% CI [-4.06, -0.08]) among children with mothers eligible to receive a CTC, but only when it was partially refundable (i.e., mothers could receive a tax refund for a portion of the CTC that exceeds their tax liability) for families making as little as $3,000 a year. Tax credits like the CTC have the potential to alleviate financial strain among families, and consequently, may have impacts on injury and behavior problems.
	Bibliography Citation Rostad, Whitney L., Joanne Klevens, Katie A. Ports and Derek C. Ford. "Impact of the United States Federal Child Tax Credit on Childhood Injuries and Behavior Problems." Children and Youth Services Review 109 (February 2020): 104718.

22.	Rostad, Whitney L. Ports, Katie A. Tang, Shichao
22.	Mothers' Homeownership and Children's Economic Success 20 Years Later among a Sample of US Citizens Children and Youth Services Review 99 (April 2019): 355-359. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918309915 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Childhood Adversity/Trauma; Economic Well-Being; Family Constraints; Family Income; Home Ownership; Welfare Familial economic hardship, an adverse childhood experience (ACE) that increases children's risk for exposure to additional ACEs, can derail optimal child development. A compelling area with potential for reducing economic hardship and promoting healthy child development is housing. In the US, the largest contributor to family wealth is homeownership, which may contribute to a family's ability to provide their children opportunities to do better than previous generations. The objective of the current study was to examine the influence of homeownership on children's economic outcomes in adulthood. This study used data from two surveys conducted in the US, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Young Adult survey, to examine the association between mothers' homeownership in 1994 and children's economic outcomes 20 years later. Adults whose mothers owned homes in 1994 were over 1.5 times more likely to own homes, attained higher education, and were moderately less likely to receive public assistance in 2014 compared to adults whose mothers did not own homes. This paper highlights the potential of homeownership to break the intergenerational continuity of poverty. Programs that help families purchase affordable housing hold promise in helping ensure children reach their full potential and improving economic outcomes in future generations.
	Bibliography Citation Rostad, Whitney L., Katie A. Ports and Shichao Tang. "Mothers' Homeownership and Children's Economic Success 20 Years Later among a Sample of US Citizens." Children and Youth Services Review 99 (April 2019): 355-359.

23.	Schmitz, Mark F.
23.	Effects of Childhood Foster Care and Adoption on Adulthood Childbearing Children and Youth Services Review 27,1 (January 2005): 85-98. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740904001641 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adoption; Childbearing; Childhood Residence; Family Structure; Foster Care; Modeling, Growth Curve/Latent Trajectory Analysis; Poverty Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the trajectories of adulthood childbearing. Respondents consisted of 195 subjects who were raised by an adoptive family, 78 who raised by a foster family for 4 months or more, 200 who were raised by stepparents for 4 months or more, and 200 who were raised by both biological parents until age 18. In the first-stage analyses, foster-parented respondents showed significantly greater linear increases in the number of childbirths per year and significant deceleration in childbirth, as compared with biological- and adoptive-parented respondents. In the second-stage analyses, there were significant differences between the groups in the effects of education on the initial level of childbirth, with step- and adoptive-parented respondents having significantly more negative relationships for education than did biological-parented respondents. Likewise, adoptive-parented respondents showed a significantly more positive relationship between persistent poverty status and the initial level of childbirth, as compared with biological- and foster-parented respondents.
	Bibliography Citation Schmitz, Mark F. "Effects of Childhood Foster Care and Adoption on Adulthood Childbearing ." Children and Youth Services Review 27,1 (January 2005): 85-98.

24.	Waldfogel, Jane
24.	Child Welfare Research: How Adequate Are the Data? Children and Youth Services Review 22,9-10 (2000): 705-741. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740900001122 Cohort(s): NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Adoption; Children, Well-Being; Data Analysis; Data Quality/Consistency; Exits; Foster Care; Kinship; Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID); Welfare This article discusses research on child welfare, focusing on efforts to improve data collection and outcome measurement for children at risk of abuse or neglect, placement in foster care or kinship care, or adoption. Three studies of outcomes of children in foster care illustrate trends in child welfare research: Maas and Engler's 1959 cross-sectional study, Fanshel and Shinn's 1978 longitudinal study, and the Wald, et al. 1988 study. Wald found that foster children may not be as disadvantaged as the two previous studies found, illustrating that more advanced study designs produced different results. Cross sectional datasets, however, have become more formalized through the development of the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), which coordinates data collected from state level agencies. To formalize data collection on foster care, the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) required states to submit data. This sharply increased the amount of data available. More data is needed for researchers to be able to compare child welfare systems across states and over time, as well as to analyze factors associated with entry and re-entry into care, exits from care, and other variables. Kinship care and adoption are other areas that can benefit from enhanced databases. Child welfare researchers must have access to longitudinal data. One development is the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW), which provides descriptive data on children and families involved with the child welfare system, their experiences with the system, and their long- and short-term outcomes. The NSCAW follows children and their families for three years, collecting data from parents, children, caseworkers, caregivers, and teachers. NSCAW also collects data on foster care, kinship care, and adoption. AFCARS also has the potential for collecting longitudinal data; other surveys include the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Outcome assessment can be summarized in three categories: safety, permanency, and well being. Of the three, permanency is the category for which the most data exists. Child and family well being is the category in the most need of a formalized system of identifying and tracking. The most pressing need in child welfare research is for a population-based sample of children at risk for abuse and neglect.
	Bibliography Citation Waldfogel, Jane. "Child Welfare Research: How Adequate Are the Data?" Children and Youth Services Review 22,9-10 (2000): 705-741.

25.	Zhan, Min
25.	Assets, Parental Expectations and Involvement, and Children's Educational Performance Children and Youth Services Review 28,8 (August 2006): 961-975. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740905002124 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Elementary School Students; Parent-School involvement; Parental Influences; Parental Investments; Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Math); Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT- Reading) This study examines the relationships between parental assets with their expectations and involvement of children's education, and children's educational performance measured 2 years later. Through the analysis of the mother–child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), results indicate that after controlling for family income and other parent characteristics, parental assets were positively related to children's math and reading scores. Parental assets were also positively associated with their expectations and involvement of school activities. Furthermore, parent expectations partially mediated the relationship between assets and children's educational performance. These findings imply that in order to improve children's education, how to enhance parental assets warrants the consideration of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR; Copyright 2006 Elsevier]
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min. "Assets, Parental Expectations and Involvement, and Children's Educational Performance." Children and Youth Services Review 28,8 (August 2006): 961-975.

26.	Zhan, Min Lanesskog, Deirdre
26.	The Impact of Family Assets and Debt on College Graduation Children and Youth Services Review 43 (August 2014): 67-74. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914001613 Cohort(s): NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Differences; Family Resources; Racial Differences This study examines the influence of family financial assets and debt, both measured during the time of youth’s college enrollment, on the chances of college graduation. Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results from analyses controlling for a number of student, parental, and institutional characteristics indicate that family assets are positively related to the chances of college graduation among White and Black students; family debt is negatively associated with the odds of college graduation among Black students, but neither family assets nor family debt is related to the chances of college graduation among Hispanic students. Overall, results indicate that family assets and debt explain a small portion of racial/ethnic gaps in college graduation. Policy implications are considered.
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min and Deirdre Lanesskog. "The Impact of Family Assets and Debt on College Graduation." Children and Youth Services Review 43 (August 2014): 67-74.

27.	Zhan, Min Sherraden, Michael
27.	Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children's College Degree Attainment Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 846-854. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019074091000407X Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Family Resources; High School Completion/Graduates This research examines relationships among household assets and liabilities, educational expectations of children and parents, and children's college degree attainment. Special attention is paid to influences of different asset types (financial vs. nonfinancial assets) and liabilities (secured vs. unsecured debt). Results indicate that, after controlling for family income and other parent/child characteristics, financial and nonfinancial assets are positively related to, and unsecured debt is negatively related to, children's college completion. Furthermore, there is evidence that financial assets are positively associated with the education expectations of parents and children. Policy directions are suggested.
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min and Michael Sherraden. "Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children's College Degree Attainment." Children and Youth Services Review 33,6 (June 2011): 846-854.

28.	Zhan, Min Sherraden, Michael
28.	Assets and Liabilities, Race/Ethnicity, and Children's College Education Children and Youth Services Review 33,11 (November 2011): 2168-2175. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740911002386 Cohort(s): Children of the NLSY79, NLSY79 Young Adult Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; Black Family; Black Youth; College Enrollment; College Graduates; Credit/Credit Constraint; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Aspirations/Expectations; Educational Attainment; Educational Costs; Ethnic Groups/Ethnicity; Family Resources; Hispanic Youth This study examines the extent to which household assets and liabilities are related to disparities in children's college attendance and college graduation among White, Black, and Hispanic families. Results indicate that, after household assets are considered, a substantial portion of the Black–White gap in college attendance and college graduation disappears, and a small portion of the Hispanic–White gap in college graduation also disappears. Separate analyses of children from each racial/ethnic group further indicate that family income and financial assets are related to White children's college attendance and graduation, but nonfinancial assets and unsecured debt are associated with college attendance and graduation among Black and Hispanic children. Policy implications are considered.
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min and Michael Sherraden. "Assets and Liabilities, Race/Ethnicity, and Children's College Education." Children and Youth Services Review 33,11 (November 2011): 2168-2175.

29.	Zhan, Min Xiang, Xiaoling
29.	Education Loans and Asset Building among Black and Hispanic Young Adults Children and Youth Services Review 91 (August 2018): 121-127. Also: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740918301300 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; Hispanics; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wealth Use of education loans as a way to finance college education has grown rapidly, with minority students and their families being particularly burdened with education loan debt. Given the rising education loans and the racial/ethnic disparity in wealth accumulation, it is timely and important to examine how education loans affect the ability of future wealth building among minority households. This study examines the association between education loans and financial asset building among Black and Hispanic young adults aged 30 years by analyzing data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results from a treatment–effects model indicate that having education loans is negatively related to net worth and nonfinancial assets at age 30, after controlling for respondents' demographic characteristics, years of education, and working hours. The relationship between the amount of education loans and indicators of financial balance sheets, however, is not statistically significant among the Black and Hispanic young adults with outstanding loans.
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min and Xiaoling Xiang. "Education Loans and Asset Building among Black and Hispanic Young Adults." Children and Youth Services Review 91 (August 2018): 121-127.

30.	Zhan, Min Xiang, Xiaoling Elliott, William III
30.	Education Loans and Wealth Building among Young Adults Children and Youth Services Review 66 (July 2016): 67-75. Also: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740916301360 Cohort(s): NLSY97 Publisher: Elsevier Keyword(s): Assets; College Cost; Debt/Borrowing; Educational Costs; Financial Assistance; Housing/Housing Characteristics/Types; Racial Differences; Student Loans / Student Aid; Wealth With the use of education loans growing rapidly as a way to finance college education, it is important to examine how such loans impact the future financial well-being. This study examines the association between education loans and postcollege wealth accumulation among young adults, the group with the greatest share of outstanding education loans. Data come from 15 rounds of data of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the analyses control for a number of student characteristics, college experiences, and parental income. Results from a treatment-effects model indicate that having education loans upon leaving college is negatively related to postcollege net worth, financial assets, nonfinancial assets, and value of primary housing. Furthermore, having education loans also has an additional negative link to the value of net worth among Black young adults. The relationship between the amount of education loans and wealth accumulation is not statistically significant among those with outstanding loans. The study findings indicate the importance of developing alternative approaches, instead of additional loans and other credits, to meet the financial needs of college students.
	Bibliography Citation Zhan, Min, Xiaoling Xiang and William III Elliott. "Education Loans and Wealth Building among Young Adults." Children and Youth Services Review 66 (July 2016): 67-75.

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