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This opinion piece on the wage gap cites Post and Lynch's study of NLSY79 data which found that "the gender pay gap virtually disappears when age, educational attainment and continuous time spent in the workforce are factored in as wage determinants."

The data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Mother-Child data from 1979 to 1994.

This dissertation is separated into three independent studies; first, in chapter 2, I use Latent Class Analysis to investigate distinct patterns in the transition to adulthood for men and women. Results show that young adults in the NLSY97 are more disproportionately distributed to different classes, which indicates their diverse paths to adulthood compared to those of the NLSY79. In the following chapter, I examine the complexity of life course transitions by focusing on mobility and union formation. Findings reveal that life course events are closely related to each other but the relationship differs by cohort, pointing to contextual influence on young adults' life courses. As a decision on the life course is likely made in concert with other life events, chapter 4 examines endogeneity between life course transitions. I find that unobserved characteristics affect the estimation of life course events in both cohorts, and therefore ignoring the factors could misrepresent the actual relationship between life events. From these findings, I address implications of theory, methodology, and social policy for those in the transition to adulthood in chapter 5.

Methods: I analyzed data from 5,196 participants of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Upon turning 40 and again when 50, respondents indicated whether they had ever been diagnosed with any of seven chronic health conditions. A latent transition analysis classified respondents based on these health conditions. Number of latent statuses was determined using Bayseian Information Criterion (BIC), other fit indices, and model interpretability. Respondent morbidity status became the dependent variable in a multinomial regression. Model predictors were indicators of life course socioeconomic conditions. They included measures of parental and respondent education, life course income, wealth at mid-life, home ownership, race and ethnicity, and other control variables with demonstrable associations to health, including smoking, alcohol, and body mass index.

Results: Fit indices identified 4-statuses, a small multi-morbid status predominantly associated with heart and lung conditions, two moderately sized statuses associated with arthritis and hypertension, respectively, and one large status whose members tended to report no chronic health conditions. Income, wealth, and education were significantly related to morbidity statuses at two time points Implications: These findings support a link between life course socioeconomic conditions and accrual of multiple medical conditions. Understanding the nature of these relationships is relevant for micro and macro-practice. Greater attunement to the link between health issues and economic and social adversity becomes critical to assessment and service coordination. Further, macro-practitioners could sharpen community level needs assessment and target macro-level interventions to achieve broader community health benefits.

"If you're living with someone, you actually get to know somebody more than you would not living with them," says Christopher Sekulich, 37, of Melvindale, Mich.

The new research by economics professors seeks to understand how teens get involved in risky behaviors that can have long-term economic consequences. It finds that the very existence of an older sibling increases the chances a younger sibling will drink, smoke, use marijuana or have sex.

The published study [ed. note: See, Argys, Laura M.: "Birth Order and Risky Adolescent Behavior", in this bibliography] analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1997 to 1999. It included 7,000 to 8,000 children ages 12 to 16. A second study reviewed data from 1994 to 1996 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, which includes about 20,000 young people in grades seven to 12. Averett says the second study confirmed the results of the first.

Methods: The study used a multivariate logistic regression longitudinal analysis. The effects of parental and young adult alcohol use and family environment on school behavioral problems were estimated over 20 years from 1984 to 2004.

Sample: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY79), a representative sample of the general population of the United States, and the surveys of Mother-Child and Young Adults (MCYA): mothers (N = 5634), fathers (N = 5007) and young adults (N = 4648).

Results: Parental alcohol misuse increased the risk of alcohol misuse in offspring. There was a threefold rise in school behavior problems among youth from family environments in which the biological father was a heavy drinker and the marital quality of the biological parents was reported as poor and the home life was characterized by high conflict, argumentativeness, disruption and ineffectual parental monitoring as well as by low family cohesion.

(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

The second chapter, Semiparametric estimation of Local Rank-Rank Slopes, a local Rank-Rank slope which varies with parental rank and counterfactual Rank-Rank slope which adjusts for differences in the distribution of covariates. We develop new semiparametric distribution regression method to estimate those parameters. To make inference on different values of parental rank, we prove those estimators converge to Gaussian processes and build sup-t confidence bands by nonparametric bootstrap. In order to filter out some important observed characteristics, we sort the composition effects in an ascending order and propose classification analysis method, and also prove these converge to Gaussian processes. We apply our methods to study the differences in LRRS between cohort 79 and cohort 97. We show that the trend of LRRS of cohort 97 is very different from that of cohort 79 and find that children in cohort 97 which have larger composition effects are from higher income families, tend to be male and Nonblack and nonhispanic, and accept more years of education especially in advanced education. Also the difference in the parental education level after high school is unrelated to the composition effects across groups.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to prospectively examine the association between body weight in young adulthood and achieved fertility in later life. DESIGN: A representative national sample of 12 073 American young adults (aged 17-24 y in 1981) were followed through 2004 (19 survey waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth).

RESULTS: Obese young women and men were less likely to have their first child by the age of 47 y than were their normal-weight counterparts [relative risk (RR) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.78 in women; RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.84 in men). Obesity also predicted a lower probability of having more than one child, particularly for women. These associations were partly explained by a lower probability that obese participants will marry. Underweight men were less likely to have the first, second, third, and fourth child than were normal-weight men (RRs = 0.75-0.88; 95% CIs: 0.61, 0.95). These associations were largely explained by the lower marriage probability of underweight men. Obese women and men and underweight men were less likely to have as many children in adulthood as they had desired as young adults.

CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may be an important risk factor for lower fertility because of its social and possibly biological effect on reproductive behavior. Further data are needed to assess whether this association holds in more recent cohorts.

Copyright of Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs is the property of Alcohol Research Documentation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be a bridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

This study uses national data from both Great Britain and the United State to examine the relationship between children's family history and their educational and behavioral development. We use a multivariate, multi-level modeling strategy to estimate heterogeneity both within and between families. Our results show that associations between family living situations and children's well-being appear to be mediated by levels of human, financial and social capital available to children. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that children with non-traditional family living experiences are any more likely to be negatively impacted in Britain than across the Atlantic where diverse living arrangements are more widespread.

This dissertation investigates the economic benefits and costs of available nontraditional work options and their effects on parental involvement with children. Using a sample of mothers and children between the ages of 10 and 14 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel study for the years 1994 and 1996, this study tests cross-sectional and lagged models of the determinants of parenting.

The resulting descriptive analyses show that, with the exception of flextime, nontraditional work arrangements carry serious economic consequences. Multivariate models demonstrate that the only work arrangement that consistently increases parental involvement is mothers' part-time work, though positive effects partly depend on the presence of a spouse. On the other hand, fathers' part-time work has both positive and negative effects. "Family friendly" policies, such as flextime, do not significantly impact parenting, while flexplace produces mixed effects. Shift work, despite being a reasonable child care strategy, negatively affects parent-child relationships. Mothers' temporary work, if hired by a company directly, negatively influences time and activities with children, while temporary agency work and contracting have mixed effects.

Given the economic costs and the mixed effects on parenting, nontraditional work, in its current form, is a risky solution for parents. Reducing work time is a strategy that helps some parents who can afford the economic tradeoffs. Developing an effective solution for all workers will require workplaces and government policies to go beyond "family friendly" and rethink the organization of work and how working time can be altered to incorporate the dual needs of business and families.

The first essay in this dissertation examines how the length of incarceration in Illinois state prisons affects subsequent earnings and employment. After controlling for individual heterogeneity, I find that the length of incarceration is positively associated with earnings and employment even though these effects attenuate over time. The positive effects are stronger for individuals convicted of economically-motivated and less violent crimes such as property- and drug-related offenses than for those convicted of violent crimes such as person-related offenses. Also, the effect is stronger for men with self-reported drug addiction.

In order to evaluate whether extensive exposure to rehabilitation and training programs can generate a positive effect of time served in prison, the second essay examines the effect of Illinois' Adult Transition Centers (ATC) on the earnings and employment of male ex-prisoners after they are released. The paper finds that the availability of ATC is associated with a higher employability of prisoners after release and that time in ATC is positively correlated with post-prison earnings through employment. These associations, however, attenuate over time. Also, the finding that men with more marketable skills successfully finish their terms in ATCs suggests that there is selection and sorting through the process of ATCs.

The third essay tries to reconcile the conflicting evidence about the effect of incarceration on labor market outcomes in the literature. Using data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), I investigate the effect of incarceration on earnings, average weekly work hours, and hourly wage. Comparing ever-incarcerated men before and after incarceration, this paper finds that incarceration does not seem to hurt the marketable skills and employability of men. Post-incarceration earnings and average weekly work hours seem to reach pre-incarceration levels. Real hourly wages seem to increase after first incarceration. In addition, the marital status and family poverty rate before and after first incarceration indicate that the general well-being of men does not deteriorate after incarceration.

Taken together, the essays suggest that incarceration does not harm the subsequent labor market outcomes of men. Especially, the length of incarceration is positively associated with earnings and employment even though these effects attenuate over time. It seems that rehabilitation and deterrence of incarceration are more effective for men convicted of property- or drug-related offenses and men with drug addiction.

The data for my analysis is drawn from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79).

EDITOR--Reardon and Cougle's paper raises at least three concerns.(1)

Firstly, their analyses do not address the stated hypothesis. No results indicate whether "prior psychological state is equally predictive of subsequent depression among women . . . regardless of whether they abort or carry to term." Nevertheless, their unstated hypothesis, focused on abortion and depressive symptoms, may be the more central question.

Secondly, the final sample of women is surprisingly small. Only 421 of the initial 4463 women reported a first abortion or first unintended delivery between 1980 and 1992. Is it possible that the question in 1992 asking pregnancy intention actually referred to a much narrower time frame (that is, a delivery between the biannual surveys)? Little information is given about the abortion question; it is possible that the index unintended pregnancy defined in 1992 resulted in neither the first abortion nor the first delivery.

Thirdly, the discussion omits mention of possible residual confounding. The national longitudinal survey of youth (NLSY) uses a four item abbreviated version (NLSY Cronbach 0.35) of Rotter's original 60 item locus of control scale, which itself is probably an inadequate proxy for prior psychological state. Furthermore, a one year measure of income may be only a modest proxy for a person's lifetime socioeconomic position. (2,3) The robustness of the authors' findings could be examined with other available measures. For example, the 1980 Rosenberg self esteem scale data (NLSY Cronbach 0.83) and the full 12 years of annual income and family size data would be stronger, though still less than optimal, tests of the hypotheses.

This criticism is not an attempt to dismiss research on the topic; rather, such important and highly content ious questions require published studies with equal degrees of rigour and transparency.

(1) Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Depression and unintended pregnancy in the national longitudinal survey of youth: a cohort study. BMJ 2002; 324: 151-152.

(2) Wolfe B, Haveman R, Ginther D, An CB. The "window problem" in studies of children's attainments: a methodological exploration. J Am Stat Assoc 1996; 91: 970-982[ISI].

(3) Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, Gillis C, Hawthorne V. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1997; 314: 547-552.

Que l'estime de soi d'une personne soit à la fois une cause et une conséquence de son succès externe en termes de carrière est établi, mais les recherches empiriques examinant la direction de ces effets manquent. Nous testons un modèle examinant les relations entre l'estime de soi, l'éducation, le prestige professionnel et le revenu sur une durée de 7 ans à partir du début de carrière. Nous nous référons à la théorie de l'identité sociale pour montrer que l'estime de soi est affectée par un succès externe intervenant dans la carrière, et la théorie de consistance de soi pour montrer que ce succès externe est affecté par l'estime de soi. Nos résultats, basés sur une analyse de régression croisée, montrent que l'estime de soi accroît le prestige professionnel (b = .22) et les revenus (b = .22), mais les résultats relatifs à la carrière n'affectent pas l'estime de soi. Les implications de ces résultats pour l'étude de l'estime de soi et de la carrière sont explorées.

The second paper centers on fertility timing and draws on qualitative interview data with 33 highly educated women living in the San Francisco bay area. Findings from this study reveal that delayed childbearing is related to reduced employment postnatally.

Particularly, when women who delay childbearing ultimately become mothers, they are more likely to perceive that they have achieved their career goals, utilized their educations, and made a difference in their fields, which allows them to "feel good" about entering a separate, family-focused phase of their lives, while scaling back or exiting the labor force. This is in stark contrast to women who become mothers earlier, and who feel they still have much to accomplish in their careers.

The third paper uses the same qualitative data to investigate women's career choices. Economic arguments assume that young women have well developed visions of their future family life and how they will combine work and family when they make educational and career decisions. This study demonstrates that this is not usually the case. Young women generally give work-family considerations little thought, assuming they can do it all, and they often ended up with work and family lives that are quite different than they anticipated.

Organization and Methods. The report is organized around three major tasks:
Review descriptions of what adolescent romantic relationships are like. To accomplish this task, the report assembles and reviews research that describes what adolescents believe and value about romantic relationships and marriage in general and how adolescents behave in their own romantic relationships.

Review explanations of the role adolescent romantic relationships may play in adult development. To accomplish this task, the report integrates existing theories of adolescent romantic relationships and adult development and evaluates the degree to which existing theories have received support from the empirical literature on adolescent relationships to date.

Assess interventions designed to make adolescents’ relationships, and their subsequent marriages, better. To accomplish this task, this report reviews a diverse sample of available relationship education curricula targeted at adolescents and describes interviews with practitioners directly involved in this area.

Drawing on the results of these tasks, the report concludes by identifying priorities for future research in this area and offering strategies and suggestions for developing programs and curricula to promote healthy adult marriages during adolescence.

We implement the model using 15 years of information from the 1979 youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience (NLSY79), supplemented with state level welfare benefit rules that we have collected for each state over a 23 year period prior to the new welfare reform. Benefit levels changed considerably over the decision-making period of the women in the NLSY79 sample.